Question 1

Which effect suggests that numbers are mentally represented in analog form, with small numbers to the left and large numbers to the right?

Accepted Answer

The SNARC (Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes) effect suggests that numbers are mentally represented in a spatially organized way, with small numbers being associated with the left side and larger numbers being associated with the right side.

Question 2

Simple reaction times are

Accepted Answer

Simple reaction times refer to response times for tasks that have only one possible stimulus and one possible response. This means that there is no ambiguity in the task and the response time can be easily measured and analyzed.

Question 3

Stimulus-response compatibility effects for keypresses with the left or right hands made to left or right visual signals

Accepted Answer

Stimulus-response compatibility effects are influenced by both the spatial location of the stimulus and the responding limb, but the relationship is more complex than any of the given options suggest. It involves how closely the stimulus and response locations are matched in terms of spatial congruency, rather than simply depending more or less on one factor.

Question 4

Which of the following results is/are consistent with amodality of timing?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following results is/are consistent...

Question 5

The control of downbeats in musical performance may, but do not necessarily have to, reflect

Accepted Answer

The control of downbeats in musical performance usually reflects hierarchical timekeeping, meaning that the performer is thinking about how the beats divide into smaller units (subdivisions) and how those units are organized into larger units (meter). This involves a higher level of planning and organization than simple or choice reactions, and doesn't necessarily involve thinking about time in a linear way.

Question 6

The textbook described a study by Summers 1975 which showed that after people learned to produce a sequence of keystrokes with a particular slow rhythm, they could not easily escape that rhythm when they tried to produce the same sequence as quickly as possible. The interpretation of this result offered in the textbook was that

Accepted Answer

The interpretation offered in the textbook was that the timing of a sequence of keystrokes becomes an integral part of the memory for the sequence. This means that once a particular rhythm is learned, it is difficult to change or modify the timing of the sequence of keystrokes. This indicates that timing plays an important role in the storage and retrieval of motor sequences in memory.

Question 7

Serial RT tasks have shown that

Accepted Answer

Serial RT tasks have shown that people can learn S-R sequences without conscious awareness, associations between stimulus locations and response locations, and that people can learn associations between stimulus locations and response locations more easily than associations between stimulus locations and fingers for those locations. Therefore, all of the options (A, B, and C) are correct.

Question 8

The reason the keystroke need not be viewed as the most fundamental unit of keyboard control is that

Accepted Answer

The keystroke need not be viewed as the most fundamental unit of keyboard control because typists sometimes make incorrect keystrokes that are similar to the intended ones, indicating that the keystroke itself is not the sole determinant of typing accuracy or intention.

Question 9

The eye-hand span for typing is

Accepted Answer

The answer of The eye-hand span for typing is
...

Question 10

In organ playing, organists may use their feet to play notes generated by pedals. Although the use of the feet was not discussed in the chapter on keyboarding, which of the following would you expect for pedal-pushing organists based on material in the chapter?

Accepted Answer

The principles outlined suggest that alternating between pedals with two feet (A) would be more efficient than using one foot for multiple pedals due to biomechanical and coordination reasons. Hierarchically organized sequences (B) are generally easier to learn and execute than random sequences due to cognitive structuring. Playing one pedal at a time (C) would be simpler than playing chords due to reduced complexity and coordination demands, making all the options correct based on general principles of motor control and learning.

Question 11

If the cerebellum controls critical events for timing, one would predict that individuals with cerebellar damage would _______________ than individuals without cerebellar damage

Accepted Answer

The answer of If the cerebellum controls critical events for...

Question 12

Which of the following suggests that words, but not phrases, are production units for typewriting?

Accepted Answer

Option C suggests that words are production units for typewriting as typists do better when typing words than nonwords, implying that they are more familiar with typing words as whole units rather than breaking them down into smaller units such as phrases. Additionally, the fact that typists can type randomly ordered words as quickly as sentences suggests that they do not necessarily rely on the specific order or arrangement of the words, which further supports the idea that they treat words as whole production units.

Question 13

Choice reaction times

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that choice reaction times increase by an approximately equal amount with each doubling of the number of stimulus-response alternatives. This means that as the number of alternatives doubles, the reaction time also doubles.

Question 14

Skilled typists are likely to rely on plans for typing, as shown by the fact that

Accepted Answer

A) The fact that times between keystrokes are typically shorter than reaction times to external signals suggests that skilled typists rely on pre-planned sequences or patterns of keystrokes rather than reacting to each key as if it were a new, unexpected event. This indicates a reliance on internal plans for typing rather than external cues.

Question 15

Which result would be most compatible with ideo-motor theory?

Accepted Answer

Ideo-motor theory suggests that the mental representation of an action can activate the motor system necessary to perform that action, even without conscious intention. Therefore, the reaction time for a motor response to a heard word should be shorter than for a written response, as the association between language and the corresponding motor movements is stronger for speech than writing.

Question 16

The textbook described a study of keystroke forces and times in expressive piano playing. The study showed that when pianists changed the forces of their keystrokes to communicate phrasing, the timing of the keystrokes

Accepted Answer

The study showed that when pianists changed the forces of their keystrokes to communicate phrasing, the timing of the keystrokes did not change. This suggests that timing changes need not be linked to force changes. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 17

The classic model of typewriting developed by Rumelhart and Norman 1982 relied on

Accepted Answer

The classic model of typewriting developed by Rumelhart and Norman (1982) relied on both activation and inhibition between word nodes and keystroke nodes. This means that when a word node was activated, it would in turn activate the keystroke nodes associated with it, while simultaneously inhibiting other word nodes that did not match the current activation pattern. This allowed the model to produce fluent and error-free typing based on the input of the user.

Question 18

Times between keystrokes in typing are

Accepted Answer

Transitions between hands in typing are generally shorter because typing with alternate hands allows one hand to move to the next key while the other is typing, making the process more efficient and faster compared to typing with the same hand, where the fingers need to move more and might not be as coordinated.

Question 19

According to an influential model of motor timing Wing & Kristofferson, 1973), when people vary delays between successive finger taps, they rely on

Accepted Answer

The Wing and Kristofferson (1973) model of motor timing suggests that variations in timing during successive finger taps are due to two main components: an internal timekeeper or clock and motor delays. These components are considered to be statistically independent in their model, which means that variations in one do not predict variations in the other.

Question 20

If it is possible to reliably alter the overall rate of keyboard sequences, one would expect

Accepted Answer

If the overall rate of keyboard sequences is altered, the ratio of any given interstroke time to the total time is expected to remain constant because the interstroke time is determined by the motor system and is relatively fixed. Therefore, changing the overall rate does not change the ratio of interstroke times to the overall duration.

Quiz 9: Keyboarding