As a source of macrolevel organizational stressors,which of the following can be considered as belonging to organizational structure and design?

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Centralization and formalization are two aspects of organizational structure and design, which can create stress for employees. Centralization refers to the level of decision-making authority held by top management, while formalization refers to the degree of standardization and rules in organizational procedures. Both of these factors can affect employees' autonomy and perceived control over their work, which can lead to stress. Bureaucratic rules and punitive appraisal systems are also related to organizational structure and design, but they are more specific aspects and not as broad as centralization and formalization. Rotating work shifts are not necessarily related to organizational structure and design, but more to work schedules and job demands.

As a Source of Macrolevel Organizational Stressors,which of the Following