Question 1

If you were conditioned in one environment but tested in another environment, what happens to the CRs in the testing scenario?
A) The CRs decrease.
B) Initially the CRs increase, then decrease.
C) The CRs increase.
D) It does not affect the CRs.

Accepted Answer

If an individual is conditioned in one environment but tested in another environment, the CRs may decrease because the new testing environment may not provide the same cues that were present during conditioning. As a result, the individual may struggle to recall the conditioned response and exhibit a weakened or diminished response.

Question 2

If the food is paired with a bell at the same time in a study, Pavlov would have called this ___________ conditioning.
A) delay
B) trace
C) backwards
D) simultaneous

Accepted Answer

Simultaneous conditioning occurs when the conditioned stimulus (the bell) and unconditioned stimulus (the food) are presented at the same time. This type of conditioning is less effective than delay or trace conditioning, as the association between the stimuli is not as strong.

Question 3

How is learning affected when the CS and US are highly intense?
A) Conditioning takes longer.
B) Learning does not last for long.
C) Conditioning happens more quickly.
D) Learning drops off after a short period of time.

Accepted Answer

When the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) are highly intense, conditioning happens more quickly. This is because the intense stimuli create a strong association between them, leading to faster learning.

Question 4

Which of the following does not explain that once a response has been conditioned it does not disappear?
A) extinction
B) spontaneous recovery
C) disinhibition
D) rapid reacquisition

Accepted Answer

Extinction refers to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 5

You are in the grocery store and ask a clerk where the Javex is located. If the clerk asks if you are looking for bleach and you insist you are looking for Javex (a brand of bleach), you have been conditioned through a common method called ____________.
A) latent inhibition
B) sensory preconditioning
C) contextual conditioning
D) blocking

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of the blocking effect in classical conditioning. The customer has already associated the brand name "Javex" with bleach, and when the clerk offers the more general term "bleach," it fails to elicit the response of locating the product because the customer has already formed a strong association between Javex and bleach. This is called blocking, where prior conditioning prevents new learning from occurring.

Question 6

Compared with learning of conscious memories, classical conditioning of motor reflexes occurs ____________.
A) more slowly
B) more rapidly
C) more qualitatively
D) less quantitatively

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning of motor reflexes occurs more slowly than the learning of conscious memories. This is because classical conditioning involves the gradual association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response, a process that typically requires repetition and time to establish.

Question 7

When the CS appears then disappears before the US is presented it is called ___________.
A) delay conditioning
B) trace conditioning
C) simultaneous conditioning
D) backward conditioning

Accepted Answer

This describes trace conditioning, where there is a temporal gap between the presentation of the CS and the US. With delay conditioning, the CS overlaps with the US, simultaneous conditioning has the CS and US presented at the same time, and backward conditioning has the US presented before the CS.

Question 8

When a CR can be retrained more quickly following extinction than during initial training it is called _________.
A) spontaneous recovery
B) spontaneous extinction
C) rapid reacquisition
D) spontaneous reacquisition

Accepted Answer

Rapid reacquisition occurs when a CR can be learned more quickly during retraining following extinction than during initial training. This suggests that some memory of the initial learning is still present and can be reactivated, leading to quicker relearning. Spontaneous recovery, on the other hand, refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a period of time has elapsed, and spontaneous extinction refers to the gradual decrease in the strength of a CR that occurs as a result of it not being reinforced. Spontaneous reacquisition is not a recognized term in classical conditioning.

Question 9

A dog is trained to associate his master's car with the arrival of his master and gets excited when this happens. At the same time, the mail carrier has started to come to the house just seconds before his master comes home. If the dog gets excited when the mail truck arrives it is called _____________.
A) first-order conditioning
B) second-order conditioning
C) spontaneous recovery
D) transfer of learning

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes second-order conditioning because the original conditioned stimulus (the car) is associated with a new stimulus (the mail truck) through repeated pairing. The dog now also becomes excited when the new stimulus (mail truck) arrives, even before the original stimulus (the car) arrives with the master. First-order conditioning is when the conditioned response is linked directly to the conditioned stimulus without any other associated stimuli. Spontaneous recovery refers to the sudden reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of dormancy. Transfer of learning involves the application of previously learned information to new situations.

Question 10

Pavlov proposed that initial conditioning was the acquisition of a(n) _________ between the CS and the US.
A) inhibitory association
B) excitatory association
C) temporal relationship
D) learned association

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning proposes that the initial conditioning involves acquiring an excitatory association between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US). This means that the CS comes to elicit a response similar to the response elicited by the US. The other options are either not relevant to Pavlov's theory (inhibitory association) or too broad/misleading (temporal relationship and learned association).

Question 11

In a study, rats are classically conditioned to respond to a 1200 Hz tone. During testing, if the rat only responds to that tone and not a 800 Hz tone we can say that the animal has ___________ between them.
A) generalized
B) graded
C) distinguished
D) spontaneously reflected

Accepted Answer

If the rat only responds to the 1200 Hz tone and not the 800 Hz tone, we can say that the rat has distinguished between the two tones. This means that the rat has learned to differentiate between the two stimuli and only responds to the specific tone that was the conditioned stimulus during training. Generalization would occur if the rat responded to tones similar to the conditioned tone, and grading would refer to the strength or magnitude of the response to the conditioned stimulus. "Spontaneously reflected" is not a term commonly used in classical conditioning.

Question 12

Pavlov's stimulus substitution theory is not completely accurate because ________.
A) the CS and the US are not identical
B) the CR and the UR are not identical
C) the CS comes before the US
D) the CR occurs at a different time than the UR

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's stimulus substitution theory suggests that the conditioned response (CR) should be the same as the unconditioned response (UR), but in reality, they often differ, indicating that the theory is not completely accurate.

Question 13

Pairing a CS with a US is called ___________.
A) initial conditioning
B) first-order conditioning
C) second-order conditioning
D) phase 1 conditioning

Accepted Answer

Pairing a CS (conditioned stimulus) with a US (unconditioned stimulus) is called first-order conditioning. This is the most basic form of classical conditioning, where the neutral stimulus (CS) eventually elicits a conditioned response (CR) similar to the response elicited by the US. Initial conditioning refers to the beginning process of classical conditioning, but it does not specifically refer to the pairing of a CS and a US. Second-order conditioning refers to a process where a previously neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS. Phase 1 conditioning is not a commonly used term in classical conditioning.

Question 14

The time between the onset of the CS and the US is called the ___________.
A) intertrial interval
B) intertrial trace
C) interstimulus interval
D) interstimulus trace

Accepted Answer

The interstimulus interval refers to the time between the onset of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning. The intertrial interval refers to the time between trials or presentations of the stimuli. The terms "intertrial trace" and "interstimulus trace" are not commonly used or recognized in the field of classical conditioning.

Question 15

If a researcher wanted to see if the order of the CS and the US is important to learning he might use __________ conditioning to test this.
A) delay
B) trace
C) simultaneous
D) backwards

Accepted Answer

Backwards conditioning involves presenting the unconditioned stimulus (US) before the conditioned stimulus (CS), which is useful for testing the importance of the order of stimuli in learning.

Question 16

Which of the following is not an example of complex conditioning?
A) first-order conditioning
B) blocking
C) contextual conditioning
D) sensory preconditioning

Accepted Answer

First-order conditioning is a type of classical conditioning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. This is a relatively basic form of conditioning and does not involve the complexity of other forms such as blocking, contextual conditioning or sensory preconditioning.

Question 17

When the CS and US are generally presented alone, but without notice they are presented together or in close proximity, it is called ___________.
A) explicitly unpaired
B) contiguity
C) random control
D) trace conditioning

Accepted Answer

Random control involves presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) independently of each other, but occasionally they may coincide, which can lead to some level of conditioning.

Question 18

In which ISI training session is learning best?
A) Less than three seconds.
B) Between three and five seconds.
C) Greater than five seconds.
D) The ISI is not as important as the US.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In which ISI training session is learning...

Question 19

Johnny was bitten by a German Shepherd but now he now scared of all dogs, even little ones. Johnny has ___________ his fear of German Shepherds to all dogs.
A) discriminated
B) generalized
C) graded
D) substituted

Accepted Answer

Johnny has generalized his fear of German Shepherds to all dogs, meaning he now has a fear of all dogs, not just German Shepherds.

Question 20

Dr. Brown is working with a client in reducing her fear of planes. Part of the treatment is to countercondition a positive response with the plane while _____________.
A) exciting the negative conditioned anxiety
B) inhibiting the positive feelings about flying
C) inhibiting the negative conditioned anxiety
D) exciting the spontaneous recovery of her fear

Accepted Answer

Counterconditioning involves pairing a positive response with the feared stimulus (in this case, the plane) in order to replace the negative conditioned response (fear and anxiety) with a new positive response. Inhibiting the negative anxiety is necessary in order to make room for the positive response to take hold. A and D involve encouraging or reigniting negative feelings, which would not be helpful in reducing fear. B involves inhibiting positive feelings, which would also not be helpful in the counterconditioning process.

Quiz 5: Procedural Learning I: Classical Conditioning

If you were conditioned in one environment but tested in another environment, what happens to the CRs in the testing scenario?

If the food is paired with a bell at the same time in a study, Pavlov would have called this ___________ conditioning.

How is learning affected when the CS and US are highly intense?

Which of the following does not explain that once a response has been conditioned it does not disappear?

You are in the grocery store and ask a clerk where the Javex is located. If the clerk asks if you are looking for bleach and you insist you are looking for Javex (a brand of bleach) , you have been conditioned through a common method called ____________.

Compared with learning of conscious memories, classical conditioning of motor reflexes occurs ____________.

When the CS appears then disappears before the US is presented it is called ___________.

When a CR can be retrained more quickly following extinction than during initial training it is called _________.

Pavlov proposed that initial conditioning was the acquisition of a(n) _________ between the CS and the US.

In a study, rats are classically conditioned to respond to a 1200 Hz tone. During testing, if the rat only responds to that tone and not a 800 Hz tone we can say that the animal has ___________ between them.

Pavlov's stimulus substitution theory is not completely accurate because ________.

Pairing a CS with a US is called ___________.

The time between the onset of the CS and the US is called the ___________.

If a researcher wanted to see if the order of the CS and the US is important to learning he might use __________ conditioning to test this.

Which of the following is not an example of complex conditioning?

When the CS and US are generally presented alone, but without notice they are presented together or in close proximity, it is called ___________.

In which ISI training session is learning best?

Johnny was bitten by a German Shepherd but now he now scared of all dogs, even little ones. Johnny has ___________ his fear of German Shepherds to all dogs.

Dr. Brown is working with a client in reducing her fear of planes. Part of the treatment is to countercondition a positive response with the plane while _____________.