Question 1

Cued-recall in a water maze task is an example of _________ learning.
A) place
B) nonassociative
C) platform
D) cued

Accepted Answer

Cued-recall involves using external cues to guide behavior, rather than relying on internal associations or spatial memory. This makes it an example of cued learning, as opposed to place learning. Nonassociative learning refers to changes in behavior that occur as a result of repeated exposure to a single stimulus, while platform learning is a specific type of place learning that involves finding a hidden platform in a water maze.

Question 2

If you reward your dog for every sixth time they shake a paw, your dog is on a _________ schedule of reinforcement.
A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval

Accepted Answer

This is a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement because the reward is given after a fixed number of behaviors (6 shakes).

Question 3

When classical and operant conditioning are used together to train animals to perform a behavior, it is called ________.
A) paired conditioning
B) stimulus-control learning
C) paired learning
D) autoshaping

Accepted Answer

Autoshaping, also known as sign tracking, is a type of learning that occurs when an animal learns to associate a signal or cue with a reward. This signal or cue becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response, such as approaching the location where the reward is given. Autoshaping involves both classical and operant conditioning, as the animal learns to associate the cue with the reward (classical conditioning) and then performs a behavior to obtain the reward (operant conditioning). Paired conditioning and paired learning are not specific terms for this type of behavior training. Stimulus-control learning refers to the process of learning to respond only to specific stimuli and not to others, and although it is related to classical and operant conditioning, it is not the specific term for the combination of the two in animal behavior training.

Question 4

Sally got a new job selling time shares over the phone and gets a bonus check after an average of five sales. She is on a _________ schedule of reinforcement.
A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sally got a new job selling time...

Question 5

When studying turning patterns in rats during a maze task, if a rat is rewarded for turning one way consistently in a t-maze it is called a _________ condition.
A) win-shift
B) win-stay
C) win-lose
D) win-win

Accepted Answer

In a win-stay condition, the rat is rewarded for consistently choosing the same path after a correct response in a maze task like a t-maze. This helps to study the learning and decision-making strategies of rats during the task. The other options, such as win-shift, win-lose, and win-win, do not accurately describe this particular condition.

Question 6

When an animal must operate on their environment before getting a reward it is an example of the ________ developed by _________.
A) cued recall; Morris
B) operant recall; Skinner
C) free operant; Skinner
D) instrumental recall; Skinner

Accepted Answer

The scenario described is an example of the "free operant" method, which was developed by B.F. Skinner. This method involves an animal freely operating on its environment to obtain a reward, without being prompted by specific cues.

Question 7

If Hunter is being rewarded periodically for doing the dishes, he is being subjected to _________.
A) partial reinforcement
B) complete reinforcement
C) full reinforcement
D) continuous reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Partial reinforcement refers to a situation where a behavior is reinforced only some of the time, rather than every time. If Hunter is only being rewarded periodically for doing the dishes, he is not receiving continuous reinforcement (D), and it is unlikely that he is receiving complete reinforcement (B) or full reinforcement (C), as these terms suggest that the behavior is always reinforced. Therefore, partial reinforcement (A) is the most accurate choice.

Question 8

When working with animals, foods tends to be a _________reinforcer, while the feeder noises are considered to be ________ reinforcers.
A) primary; secondary
B) secondary; primary
C) biological; environmental
D) innate; learned

Accepted Answer

Food is a primary reinforcer because it is a biologically important item necessary for survival. Feeder noises, on the other hand, are a secondary reinforcer because they have been associated with the delivery of the primary reinforcer (food) and have acquired their reinforcing properties through classical conditioning.

Question 9

If a rat is rewarded for switching back and forth from left- to right-hand turns, it is called _________.
A) alternation learning
B) win-stay learning
C) cued learning
D) place learning

Accepted Answer

Alternation learning is the type of learning where an animal (in this case, a rat) is rewarded for switching back and forth between two behaviors, such as left-hand turns and right-hand turns. Win-stay learning involves being rewarded for repeating the same behavior that led to a positive outcome, while cued learning involves associating a particular stimulus with a specific response. Place learning involves learning the spatial layout of a particular environment. None of these options fit the description given in the question besides alternation learning.

Question 10

The Toronto Blue Jays haven't won a game in over a month and some of the players get depressed because they believe they are on a losing streak. This depression can be explained through _________.
A) extinction
B) learned failing
C) learned helplessness
D) extinctive helplessness

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is a state in which an individual is unable to take action due to a belief that their actions will not influence the outcome of a situation. In this case, the Blue Jays players may feel helpless and depressed because their losing streak has led them to believe that their efforts are futile and will not impact the outcome of the game.

Question 11

In a water maze task, when the platform is submerged below the water line it is called _________.
A) place learning
B) cued learning
C) platform learning
D) submerged platform learning

Accepted Answer

Place learning involves the animal learning the location of a submerged platform in a water maze task, which requires the animal to use spatial cues in the environment to navigate to the platform's location.

Question 12

The chamber typically used to study operant conditioning is called a(n) _______________.
A) Morris chamber
B) Skinner box
C) operant box
D) operant chamber

Accepted Answer

The chamber used to study operant conditioning is commonly known as a Skinner box, named after B.F. Skinner who developed the concept.

Question 13

Which schedule best reflects the payoff on a slot machine?
A) FR-20
B) FI-20
C) VR-20
D) VI-20

Accepted Answer

Slot machines typically operate on a variable ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement, where rewards are given after an unpredictable number of responses, making it highly effective in maintaining behavior.

Question 14

Dr. Todd gives his clients paperclips every time they complete their daily therapy homework assignments. At the end of the week they can turn in the paperclips for special privileges. He is working a schedule of _________.
A) autoshaping
B) operant change
C) token economies
D) token replacement

Accepted Answer

Dr. Todd is implementing a token economy, where he is using paperclips as tokens to reinforce completion of therapy homework assignments, which can be exchanged for special privileges.

Question 15

If a parent wanted to extinguish a behavior and used punishment only sometimes when a child did the unwanted behavior, the result will probably be _______.
A) a continuation of the unwanted behavior
B) a rapid increase in the unwanted behavior
C) a rapid decrease in the unwanted behavior
D) a slow decrease in the unwanted behavior

Accepted Answer

When punishment is used inconsistently, the child will not learn that the behavior is always unacceptable. This lack of consistency will likely result in a continuation of the unwanted behavior.

Question 16

Bears are taught to climb a ladder in a circus act through _________.
A) probability matching
B) stimulus reinforcement
C) matching reinforcement
D) response chaining

Accepted Answer

Response chaining is a technique used in animal training where behaviors are broken down into smaller, manageable tasks. Each task is taught individually and linked together in a sequence to perform a complex behavior, such as climbing a ladder.

Question 17

A VI-20 schedule would suggest that one gets rewarded after a(n) _________.
A) average of 20 behaviors
B) average of 20 seconds
C) 20 behaviors
D) 20 seconds

Accepted Answer

A VI-20 schedule refers to a variable interval schedule where the reinforcement is provided on average every 20 seconds, not after a specific number of behaviors.

Question 18

An early view of how we become so skilled at motor behaviors was through mediation of ____________ mechanisms.
A) probability matching
B) backward matching
C) serial patterns
D) response chaining

Accepted Answer

Response chaining is the process of learning a complex motor behavior through breaking it down into smaller, more manageable components and chaining them together into a complete sequence. This process is seen as a mechanism for becoming skilled at motor behaviors. Probability matching, backward matching, and serial patterns are not directly related to the development of motor skills.

Question 19

Jack is trying to teach a pigeon to peck a disk to receive a reward. He will first reward close approximations to the desired goal through ____________.
A) place learning
B) operant reinforcing
C) cued recall
D) shaping

Accepted Answer

Shaping involves rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior, which is what Jack is doing by rewarding the pigeon for getting closer to pecking the disk. Place learning involves learning the location of objects, cued recall involves remembering a previously learned association, and operant reinforcing involves strengthening a behavior through rewards or punishments.

Question 20

Denise applies the principles of classical and operant conditioning when she tries to decrease problematic behaviors in children diagnosed with autism. She might be in the area of ____________.
A) behavior training
B) behavior modification
C) modifying economies
D) token economy

Accepted Answer

Denise is using classical and operant conditioning to modify the behavior of the children with autism, which is a key component of behavior modification. The other options (A, C, and D) are not directly related to the use of conditioning principles in behavior modification.

Quiz 6: Procedural Learning II: Habits and Instrumental Learning

Cued-recall in a water maze task is an example of _________ learning.

If you reward your dog for every sixth time they shake a paw, your dog is on a _________ schedule of reinforcement.

When classical and operant conditioning are used together to train animals to perform a behavior, it is called ________.

Sally got a new job selling time shares over the phone and gets a bonus check after an average of five sales. She is on a _________ schedule of reinforcement.

When studying turning patterns in rats during a maze task, if a rat is rewarded for turning one way consistently in a t-maze it is called a _________ condition.

When an animal must operate on their environment before getting a reward it is an example of the developed by _.

If Hunter is being rewarded periodically for doing the dishes, he is being subjected to _________.

When working with animals, foods tends to be a _reinforcer, while the feeder noises are considered to be reinforcers.

If a rat is rewarded for switching back and forth from left- to right-hand turns, it is called _________.

The Toronto Blue Jays haven't won a game in over a month and some of the players get depressed because they believe they are on a losing streak. This depression can be explained through _________.

In a water maze task, when the platform is submerged below the water line it is called _________.

The chamber typically used to study operant conditioning is called a(n) _______________.

Which schedule best reflects the payoff on a slot machine?

Dr. Todd gives his clients paperclips every time they complete their daily therapy homework assignments. At the end of the week they can turn in the paperclips for special privileges. He is working a schedule of _________.

If a parent wanted to extinguish a behavior and used punishment only sometimes when a child did the unwanted behavior, the result will probably be _______.

Bears are taught to climb a ladder in a circus act through _________.

A VI-20 schedule would suggest that one gets rewarded after a(n) _________.

An early view of how we become so skilled at motor behaviors was through mediation of ____________ mechanisms.

Jack is trying to teach a pigeon to peck a disk to receive a reward. He will first reward close approximations to the desired goal through ____________.

Denise applies the principles of classical and operant conditioning when she tries to decrease problematic behaviors in children diagnosed with autism. She might be in the area of ____________.