Question 1

H.M. had trouble with _________ but his _________ was intact.
A) short-term memory; learning mazes
B) learning mazes; short-term memory
C) language; digit strings
D) digit strings; language

Accepted Answer

H.M. had difficulty with forming new long-term memories, such as learning mazes, but his short-term memory remained intact.

Question 2

According to the research, memory is poorest for ________ tasks.
A) free recall
B) cued recall
C) recognition
D) multiple choice

Accepted Answer

Free recall tasks require individuals to retrieve information without any cues or prompts, making it more difficult than cued recall or recognition tasks. Multiple-choice tasks typically provide some form of prompt or cue, making them easier than free recall tasks.

Question 3

Bransford and Franks (1971) had participants read a series of sentences and then gave them a recognition test for a set of sentences, some of which were already presented and some were not. These researchers were testing for _________.
A) cued recall
B) free recall
C) false memories
D) implicit memories

Accepted Answer

Bransford and Franks (1971) were testing for false memories. In their study, participants often falsely recognized sentences that were not presented but were logically inferred from the sentences they did read. This demonstrated how people can construct false memories based on the information they have processed.

Question 4

This multiple choice question is an example of ________ memory.
A) recall
B) recognition
C) implicit
D) passive

Accepted Answer

This question is providing options to choose from, and the person answering it selects the correct answer from among the options presented. This is an example of recognition memory, where one recognizes the correct answer among other options.

Question 5

You are trying to remember the name of a movie so you can recommend it to a friend. You just watched this movie so you should remember the name but you are not able to remember it, although you know that it starts with the letter "T." This is called the __________ phenomenon.
A) decay
B) forgetting
C) tip of the tongue
D) tongue tied

Accepted Answer

The tip of the tongue phenomenon is the experience of feeling like you know a word or piece of information, but you are not able to retrieve it from memory. In this scenario, the person knows that the movie starts with the letter "T" but is unable to recall the actual name.

Question 6

When divers learned a set of words underwater, memory was best for those words when they were tested _______.
A) underwater
B) on land
C) there were no differences
D) with recognition vs. recall

Accepted Answer

The context and environment in which the words were learned plays a strong role in memory retrieval, known as context-dependent memory. Therefore, memory was best for those words when they were tested underwater, the same environment where they were initially learned.

Question 7

Edward Tolman suggested that rats are able to learn to run mazes because they _________.
A) work well for food reinforcers
B) have hard wired abilities to run mazes
C) form cognitive maps of the maze
D) are superior learners

Accepted Answer

Tolman believed that rats form cognitive maps of the maze, allowing them to use spatial memory to navigate the maze. This idea challenged the prevailing behaviorist view at the time, which suggested that learning was simply a result of stimulus-response associations. Tolman's theory of cognitive maps has since been supported by research in cognitive psychology.

Question 8

Memory savings can be calculated by subtracting _________ from _______.
A) initial time spent memorizing; number of items remembered
B) number of items remembered; total time spent remembering
C) initial time spent memorizing; relearning
D) relearning time; initial time spent memorizing

Accepted Answer

Memory savings are calculated by subtracting the time spent in relearning the information from the initial time spent memorizing it. Option D correctly represents this calculation.

Question 9

If we lose the retrieval cues for a memory the result most likely would be ___________.
A) forgetting that memory
B) a distortion of that memory
C) enhanced memory for other items
D) enhanced memory for that item

Accepted Answer

If we lose the retrieval cues for a memory, the most likely result would be forgetting that memory. Retrieval cues are pieces of information associated with a memory that help us access it later. Without them, we may not be able to remember a memory, even if we know it exists. Losing retrieval cues is a common cause of forgetting in everyday life.

Question 10

If you learn material in one room you should take the test for that information in the same room. This concept is based on the idea of __________.
A) cued recall
B) context dependent memory
C) free recall
D) explicit memory recall

Accepted Answer

This concept is based on the idea of context dependent memory, where the environment or context in which we learn and encode information becomes a cue for retrieval later on. Therefore, taking a test in the same room where the material was learned can provide the appropriate context cues that aid in memory retrieval. Cued recall and explicit memory recall also involve retrieval cues, but they do not specifically address the influence of context on memory retrieval. Free recall refers to the ability to retrieve information without specific cues.

Question 11

Brain imaging studies indicate that the hippocampus is activated during __________.
A) deep encoding tasks
B) superficially encoded words
C) repetition priming task
D) implicit memory tasks

Accepted Answer

Brain imaging studies have shown that the hippocampus is activated during deep encoding tasks like creating associations, elaborating on the meaning of a word or concept, and mentally relating new information to previously learned concepts. These tasks involve forming new declarative memories, which are consciously accessible and retrievable.

Answer: D 
 The hippocampus is also involved in implicit memory tasks like motor learning, where information is acquired without conscious awareness or intentional effort. However, the activation of the hippocampus in these tasks may be modulated by other brain regions such as the basal ganglia.

Therefore, the best choices are A and D as they accurately represent the contexts in which the hippocampus is activated.

Question 12

Which of the following is not a good study tip?
A) Do not wait to study the material the night before a test.
B) Use elaboration.
C) Study two related subjects on the same night.
D) Rehearse your information.

Accepted Answer

While it may seem efficient to study related subjects together, it is better to focus on one topic at a time to avoid confusion and retain information better.

Question 13

While taking a psychology test you put down a researcher's name but it was from your biology notes that you had studied before studying for psychology. This is an example of __________ interference.
A) proactive
B) retroactive
C) active
D) passive

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information. In this case, the biology notes (previously learned information) interfered with the ability to recall the correct researcher's name in the psychology test (new information).

Question 14

Denise remembers living in an old Victorian house when she was a young child but her mother insists that they never lived in a Victorian house. Denise may be experiencing a ____________.
A) distracted image
B) distorted memory
C) implicit memory
D) false memory

Accepted Answer

Denise is experiencing a false memory, as she recalls living in a Victorian house, but her mother denies it. False memories are memories that are distorted, reconstructed, or fabricated, often due to external influences such as suggestion or misinformation.

Question 15

Organization frameworks only worked to improve memory of a passage if they were provided to the reader _______.
A) after encoding a passage
B) in combination with imagery tasks
C) at the time of encoding
D) upon retrieval of a passage

Accepted Answer

Organization frameworks, such as outlines or summaries, are most effective when provided to the reader during the encoding process, as they help to structure and organize the information being learned. Providing the frameworks after encoding or at the time of retrieval may not have the same effect on improving memory retention. The use of imagery tasks may also aid in memory retention, but their effectiveness in combination with organization frameworks is not specified in the given information.

Question 16

The _______ function describes the rate of forgetting.
A) forgetting curve
B) power law
C) lost memory
D) forgetting law

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _______ function describes the rate of...

Question 17

While watching a movie you hear a song from the 1980s that you should remember. When you are going through your memory thinking of the singer you are doing what active process?
A) encoding
B) elaboration
C) organization
D) retrieval

Accepted Answer

Retrieval is the process of recalling information from memory. In this scenario, the individual is trying to remember the singer of a song from the 1980s, which requires retrieving that information from their memory.

Question 18

One of Shereshevskii's main problems with his memory was that _________.
A) it was limited
B) he couldn't remember familiar people
C) he could not remember past events for a long time
D) it was cluttered with details

Accepted Answer

Shereshevskii's main problem with his memory was that it was cluttered with excessive details. He had difficulty prioritizing and organizing the information he remembered, leading to an overwhelming amount of information in his mind.

Question 19

A.R. Luria studied the memory capacities of S., a journalist and a(n) _________.
A) mnemonist
B) alcoholic
C) chess expert
D) professor

Accepted Answer

A.R. Luria studied the memory capacities of S. who was a journalist and a mnemonist.

Question 20

Ebbinghaus found that _______ percent of his memory was lost over the first several minutes.
A) 10
B) 30
C) 40
D) 60

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus discovered that a significant portion of newly learned information is quickly forgotten, with about 60% of memory being lost within the first several minutes after learning. This finding is part of his research on the forgetting curve.

Quiz 8: Cognitive Memory

H.M. had trouble with _ but his _ was intact.

According to the research, memory is poorest for ________ tasks.

Bransford and Franks (1971) had participants read a series of sentences and then gave them a recognition test for a set of sentences, some of which were already presented and some were not. These researchers were testing for _________.

This multiple choice question is an example of ________ memory.

You are trying to remember the name of a movie so you can recommend it to a friend. You just watched this movie so you should remember the name but you are not able to remember it, although you know that it starts with the letter "T." This is called the __________ phenomenon.

When divers learned a set of words underwater, memory was best for those words when they were tested _______.

Edward Tolman suggested that rats are able to learn to run mazes because they _________.

Memory savings can be calculated by subtracting ___ from _.

If we lose the retrieval cues for a memory the result most likely would be ___________.

If you learn material in one room you should take the test for that information in the same room. This concept is based on the idea of __________.

Brain imaging studies indicate that the hippocampus is activated during __________.

Which of the following is not a good study tip?

While taking a psychology test you put down a researcher's name but it was from your biology notes that you had studied before studying for psychology. This is an example of __________ interference.

Denise remembers living in an old Victorian house when she was a young child but her mother insists that they never lived in a Victorian house. Denise may be experiencing a ____________.

Organization frameworks only worked to improve memory of a passage if they were provided to the reader _______.

The _______ function describes the rate of forgetting.

While watching a movie you hear a song from the 1980s that you should remember. When you are going through your memory thinking of the singer you are doing what active process?

One of Shereshevskii's main problems with his memory was that _________.

A.R. Luria studied the memory capacities of S., a journalist and a(n) _________.

Ebbinghaus found that _______ percent of his memory was lost over the first several minutes.