Question 1

What was the rationale for deliberately injecting mentally ill patients with malaria?

Accepted Answer

The rationale for deliberately injecting mentally ill patients with malaria was that the high fever caused by malaria had sometimes been associated with a reduction in symptoms of mental illness. This was considered a desperate and risky approach, but it was attempted in some cases to try and bring about a positive outcome for the patient.

Question 2

The improvement in conditions of mental hospitals in the 1800s was based in part on the belief that

Accepted Answer

The improvement in conditions of mental hospitals in the 1800s was influenced by the belief in moral treatment, which emphasized humanistic care and the idea that providing a supportive and compassionate environment could help alleviate mental illness.

Question 3

What was one reason for the growth of large mental institutions during the 1800s?

Accepted Answer

The growth of large mental institutions during the 1800s was largely due to urbanization. As more people moved to cities, living conditions worsened, and mental illness rates increased. Many people with mental illnesses were institutionalized to keep them off the streets and out of public view.

Question 4

Samuel Woodward of the Worcester Lunatic Hospital is getting ready to write his annual report on the hospital and its patients.Which of the following titles would most accurately reflect the body of that report?

Accepted Answer

Samuel Woodward of the Worcester Lunatic Hospital would most likely report on the success rates of treatment for his patients. This would be reflected in the title "High Rates of Successful Treatment of Insanity." The other options are negative and do not accurately represent the goals and efforts of the hospital or the report.

Question 5

An emphasis on masturbation as a cause of mental disorder,or the deliberate injection of mentally ill patients with malaria,can be viewed as examples of

Accepted Answer

These examples illustrate a willingness to accept ideas that are not backed by scientific proof, as both the emphasis on masturbation as a cause of mental disorder and the injection of patients with malaria lack solid scientific evidence to support their effectiveness or rationale.

Question 6

How did people trained in the Hippocratic tradition view disease?

Accepted Answer

People trained in the Hippocratic tradition viewed disease as a unitary concept, meaning that it was a natural event with its own cause and course. This was in contrast to many other belief systems of the time, such as those that viewed disease as a punishment from the gods or caused by evil spirits. The Hippocratic tradition emphasized observation, reasoning, and natural explanations for disease, and this approach laid the foundation for modern Western medicine.

Question 7

Over the course of the 1800s the number of mental hospitals in the United States and the number of patients in those hospitals

Accepted Answer

The number of mental hospitals and patients in those hospitals increased dramatically in the 1800s due to the shift towards institutionalization of people with mental illnesses, as well as societal and cultural attitudes towards mental health during that time period.

Question 8

In Europe during the Middle Ages,the mentally ill and mentally retarded were often

Accepted Answer

During the Middle Ages in Europe, the mentally ill and mentally retarded were often considered as social outcasts and were confined to prisons or almshouses meant for the poor. They were not considered as normal individuals and were treated with disdain and neglect. It wasn't until the later centuries that psychiatric hospitals and asylums were established for the treatment and care of the mentally ill.

Question 9

You are a member of a research team that is about to begin research on the effectiveness of a drug called Relax on the symptoms of anxiety.One of the researchers asks you to describe the null hypothesis for this study.What will you say?

Accepted Answer

The null hypothesis is a statement that there is no significant difference between two variables, in this case, the effectiveness of the drug Relax on anxiety symptoms compared to no treatment. The null hypothesis for this study would be that Relax has no effect on anxiety symptoms compared to no treatment.

Question 10

While searching through old records of patients at the mental hospital you come across one with a notation "Lobotomy performed on 2/3/52." Because you are not sure what this means,you ask the staff.What are they likely to tell you?

Accepted Answer

Lobotomy refers to a surgical procedure in which nerve tracts between the frontal lobes and the rest of the brain are cut, usually to treat mental illness. This procedure was commonly used in the mid-20th century, but it is now considered an outdated and controversial treatment.

Question 11

If the null hypothesis had influenced how psychiatrists thought about inducing fevers and carrying out lobotomies in the 1920s and 1930s,they would have

Accepted Answer

If the null hypothesis had influenced psychiatrists in the 1920s and 1930s, they would have been more skeptical of inducing fevers and carrying out lobotomies unless more scientific evidence had been established. This is because the null hypothesis assumes that there is no difference between a treatment and a control group, and therefore, the burden of proof is on the researchers to provide evidence that the treatment is effective. In the absence of such evidence, psychiatrists would have been less likely to accept these new treatments.

Question 12

To Samuel Woodward,superintendent of Worcester Lunatic Hospital in the 1800s,heavy drinking,masturbation,overwork,faulty education,and excessive ambitions were viewed as

Accepted Answer

According to Samuel Woodward, heavy drinking, masturbation, overwork, faulty education, and excessive ambitions were viewed as frequent causes of mental disorders.

Question 13

What type of hypothesis is a new prediction called?

Accepted Answer

A new prediction would fall under the category of an experimental hypothesis, which is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that will be tested through an experiment or study. The other options (null, alternative, and scientific hypotheses) may also be types of hypotheses, but they do not specifically refer to a new prediction.

Question 14

How might a practitioner of moral treatment describe this approach?

Accepted Answer

A practitioner of moral treatment would emphasize the importance of providing a humane and relaxed environment for patients, which would help them develop positive moral qualities and behavior. This approach rejects the use of restraints and sees patients as deserving of respect and dignity, rather than as objects of punishment. This is in contrast to the other choices, which either emphasize the use of force or punish patients for their behavior.

Question 15

Which of the following is the equivalent in the legal system of failing to reject the null hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Failing to reject the null hypothesis in the legal system would be equivalent to a verdict of not guilty, which means the prosecution did not provide enough evidence to prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. However, this does not necessarily mean that the defendant is innocent, just that there was not enough evidence to convict them. This is similar to failing to reject the null hypothesis in statistical testing, which means there was not enough evidence to reject the idea that there is no difference or effect.

Question 16

Samuel Woodward's claim of a 90 percent success rate in treating the seriously disturbed patients at Worcester Lunatic Hospital

Accepted Answer

There is no evidence to suggest that Samuel Woodward had any training in scientific research, and the claim of a 90 percent success rate lacks any rigorous scientific evidence. Therefore, it is more likely that his claim was based on personal observation and anecdotal evidence rather than scientific research. It is possible that the claim was also used to attract funding to the hospital or to promote Woodward's own reputation as a successful physician.

Question 17

Which of the following provides the best analogy for the null hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The null hypothesis is similar to the assumption of innocence in the legal system because it assumes that there is no difference or effect between the groups being compared. Just as a defendant is assumed to be innocent until proven guilty, the null hypothesis assumes no effect until proven otherwise through statistical analysis. The other choices do not accurately represent the concept of the null hypothesis.

Question 18

A patient at the Worcester Lunatic Hospital in the mid-1800s has been excited,agitated,and even violent at times.Which of the following would Samuel Woodward most likely prescribe in this case?

Accepted Answer

Opium or morphine were commonly used during the 1800s to treat patients with mental illnesses, particularly those who were agitated or violent. These substances were believed to have a calming effect on the patient, although their use often resulted in addiction and other health problems. Samuel Woodward, as the superintendent of the Worcester Lunatic Hospital, would likely have been familiar with the use of these drugs and may have prescribed them for certain patients.

Question 19

The large patient populations placed in mental hospitals in the 1800s are important in the history of abnormal psychology because they

Accepted Answer

The large patient populations in mental hospitals in the 1800s provided physicians with a unique opportunity to observe and treat various types of psychopathology, which contributed significantly to the development of the field of abnormal psychology.

Question 20

What were the two categories of the causes of mental disorders described by Samuel Woodward?

Accepted Answer

Samuel Woodward described the causes of mental disorders as being either moral (related to behavior and lifestyle) or physical (related to bodily functions and neurochemistry).

Quiz 1: Examples and Definitions of Abnormal Behavior