According to Robert Carneiro's theory of state formation, __________ was the critical factor in the formation of early states.

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According to Robert Carneiro's theory of state formation, environmental circumscription was the critical factor in the formation of early states. Environmental circumscription refers to a situation where a group of people is confined to a limited area by geographic features such as mountains, deserts, or oceans. This constraint forces people to intensify their use of resources and develop more complex social and political structures, ultimately leading to the formation of early states.

According to Robert Carneiro's Theory of State Formation, __________ Was