Question 1

The experimental design that uses one group and a pretest and posttest is called ____________________.
A) one-group pretest posttest design
B) posttest only control group design
C) Solomon four-group design
D) one-shot case study

Accepted Answer

The one-group pretest posttest design involves measuring the dependent variable before and after the treatment or intervention, with only one group of participants. It is a simple experimental design and is often used in educational research and program evaluation. Option B describes a different type of experimental design, while options C and D are more complex designs.

Question 2

Dr. Evans was surprised that many of his participants scored much lower than expected on his pretest. When he observed a significant increase in scores on the posttest, he was cautious in attributing the effect to his treatment alone. Which of the following threats to internal validity was Dr. Evans concerned about?
A) instrumentation
B) selection
C) regression
D) testing

Accepted Answer

Dr. Evans was concerned about regression, which refers to the statistical phenomenon where extreme scores (either high or low) on a pretest tend to move (or "regress") toward the mean (average) on a posttest. This can happen naturally, without any intervention, making it a potential threat to the internal validity of a study if improvements are incorrectly attributed solely to the treatment.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the general categories of experimental design?
A) pseudo-experimental
B) pre-experimental
C) true experimental
D) quasi-experimental

Accepted Answer

The three main categories of experimental design are pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, and true experimental. Pseudo-experimental is not a recognized category of experimental design.

Question 4

What is the proper order of the following designs if they are to be listed from the one with the least amount of control over variables to the most?
A) pretest posttest control group, Solomon four-group, quasi-experimental, one-group pretest posttest
B) one-group pretest posttest, quasi-experimental, pretest posttest control group, Solomon four-group
C) one-group pretest posttest, pretest posttest control group, Solomon four-group, quasi-experimental
D) quasi-experimental, one-group pretest posttest, pretest posttest control group, Solomon four-group

Accepted Answer

The proper order of the designs from the one with the least amount of control over variables to the most is as follows: one-group pretest posttest, quasi-experimental, pretest posttest control group, Solomon four-group. This order is represented in choice B.

Question 5

What term is synonymous with internal validity?
A) generalizability
B) accuracy
C) reliability
D) control

Accepted Answer

Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study measures what it intends to measure without any other variables influencing the results. Control is necessary to establish internal validity by minimizing the impact of extraneous variables. Although accuracy, reliability, and generalizability are important considerations in research, they are not synonymous with internal validity.

Question 6

Experimental research methods are used _______________________.
A) to describe some aspect of a certain variable
B) to establish a cause and effect relationship
C) to describe trends in education
D) only in biological and physical sciences

Accepted Answer

The answer of Experimental research methods are used _______________________.
A) to...

Question 7

What is an example of a true experimental design?
A) pretest posttest control group design
B) one-group pretest posttest design
C) one-shot case study design
D) nonequivalent control group design

Accepted Answer

A pretest posttest control group design is a true experimental design that involves randomly assigning participants to either a control group or an experimental group, administering a pretest to both groups, applying the experimental treatment to the experimental group, and then administering a posttest to both groups to compare the effects of the treatment. This design includes all three key elements of true experimentation: random assignment, control group, and manipulation of the independent variable.

Question 8

Which is a threat to external validity?
A) history
B) selection
C) pretest sensitization
D) regression

Accepted Answer

Pretest sensitization can threaten external validity because it refers to how a pretest might influence participants' responses in the main test, potentially making the results less generalizable to other contexts or populations.

Question 9

What does the term ANCOVA mean?
A) analysis of coverage
B) analysis of covariance
C) analysis of covenant
D) analysis of covalence

Accepted Answer

ANCOVA refers to "analysis of covariance," which is a statistical method that examines whether there is a difference between groups while controlling for the effects of a continuous variable (covariate).

Question 10

In an experimental research study, which group does NOT receive treatment?
A) control group
B) experimental group
C) research group
D) participants groups

Accepted Answer

The control group does not receive treatment and serves as a baseline for comparison to the experimental group, which does receive treatment. The terms "research group" and "participant groups" are not commonly used in experimental research and do not have a specific meaning in this context.

Question 11

Susan has twelve subjects drop out of her study. Which threat to internal validity must she consider?
A) mortality
B) history
C) selection
D) randomization

Accepted Answer

Mortality refers to the loss of participants during a study, which can result in a biased sample and threaten the internal validity of the study. In this case, with twelve subjects dropping out, Susan must consider the potential impact of this mortality on her results.

Question 12

Jim was coming down with a cold and decided to take his friend's advice and drink hot lemon juice with a dash of salt to help his throat. Jim's experimentation can be categorized as what type of research?
A) one-group pretest posttest design
B) quasi-experimental
C) one-shot case study
D) pretest posttest control group design

Accepted Answer

Jim's experimentation can be categorized as a one-shot case study, which involves a single observation or treatment without a control group.

Question 13

In which of the following is randomization NOT possible?
A) selection of a sample from the population
B) assignment of participants to groups
C) post-testing of participants
D) assignment of treatment type to groups

Accepted Answer

Randomization is not possible in post-testing of participants, as the testing is done after the intervention or treatment has already been given. Randomization is done before any treatment is given to ensure that the groups are equivalent at the outset, so that any differences observed between the groups can be attributed to the treatment or intervention. Randomization is possible in the selection of a sample from the population, assignment of participants to groups, and assignment of treatment type to groups.

Question 14

Which is a threat to internal validity?
A) multiple treatment interference
B) maturation
C) experimenter effects
D) reactive arrangements

Accepted Answer

Maturation is a threat to internal validity because it refers to changes in participants that occur over time during an experiment, which can affect the outcome independently of the experimental treatment.

Question 15

True experimental designs are NOT characterized by ______________________________.
A) random selection from the population
B) random assignment to different groups
C) control groups
D) descriptive statistics

Accepted Answer

True experimental designs are characterized by random selection, random assignment to different groups, and control groups. However, descriptive statistics are not necessarily a defining characteristic of a true experimental design. Descriptive statistics are simply a way to summarize and present data, and can be used in a variety of research designs beyond true experiments.

Question 16

To what does the term internal validity refer?
A) the degree to which results of a study can be generalized from one sample to another
B) the process of subject selection
C) the development of a treatment
D) the degree to which the results of a study can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable

Accepted Answer

Internal validity refers to the degree to which a study's results can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable. It is essentially the extent to which a study accurately measures what it intended to measure, and rules out alternative explanations for the observed results.

Question 17

Most threats to ____________________ are taken care of by the experiment's design, while most threats to _____________________ need to be taken care of by the designer of the experiment.
A) internal validity, external validity
B) external validity, internal validity
C) randomization, reliability
D) reliability, randomization

Accepted Answer

Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study can establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Most threats to internal validity can be taken care of by the experiment's design, such as controlling for extraneous variables through randomization and using a control group. On the other hand, external validity refers to the extent to which the results of the study can be generalized to other populations, settings, and situations. Most threats to external validity, such as selection bias and lack of representativeness, need to be taken care of by the designer of the experiment, such as by using a random sample or a diverse sample.

Question 18

The experimental design that uses one group, a treatment, and a posttest is called ________________.
A) one-shot case study design
B) pretest posttest control group design
C) Solomon four-group design
D) one-group pretest posttest design

Accepted Answer

The one-shot case study design involves a single group that is exposed to a treatment and then measured with a posttest, without a pretest or control group for comparison.

Question 19

Which will NOT help control for extraneous variables?
A) using a control group
B) randomization
C) matching of subjects
D) using homogenous groups

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which will NOT help control for extraneous...

Question 20

Which design uses no control group and no random selection?
A) true experimental
B) quasi-experimental
C) pre-experimental
D) causal-comparative

Accepted Answer

Pre-experimental designs do not have a control group or random selection, as they are based on a single group or pretest/posttest comparison.

Quiz 11: Pre- and True Experimental Research Methods

The experimental design that uses one group and a pretest and posttest is called ____________________.

Which of the following is NOT one of the general categories of experimental design?

What is the proper order of the following designs if they are to be listed from the one with the least amount of control over variables to the most?

What term is synonymous with internal validity?

Experimental research methods are used _______________________.

What is an example of a true experimental design?

Which is a threat to external validity?

What does the term ANCOVA mean?

In an experimental research study, which group does NOT receive treatment?

Susan has twelve subjects drop out of her study. Which threat to internal validity must she consider?

Jim was coming down with a cold and decided to take his friend's advice and drink hot lemon juice with a dash of salt to help his throat. Jim's experimentation can be categorized as what type of research?

In which of the following is randomization NOT possible?

Which is a threat to internal validity?

True experimental designs are NOT characterized by ______________________________.

To what does the term internal validity refer?

Most threats to are taken care of by the experiment's design, while most threats to _ need to be taken care of by the designer of the experiment.

The experimental design that uses one group, a treatment, and a posttest is called ________________.

Which will NOT help control for extraneous variables?

Which design uses no control group and no random selection?