Question 1

Simone's family does not have a lot of money. Simone's mom buys her clothing from the local super store. Simone believes that other students notice that she doesn't wear brand name clothes. This is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the imaginary audience, which is the belief that other people are constantly evaluating and judging us. Simone thinks that other students notice her lack of brand name clothes and is self-conscious about it, even though it may not actually be true.

Question 2

Conflicts between adolescents and their parents tend to be over ________.

Accepted Answer

Conflicts between adolescents and their parents tend to be over trivial things such as clothing choices, curfew, chores, etc. while major things such as education and career choices tend to be discussed rather than causing conflicts. Moral and political issues may cause conflict, but they are not as common as trivial things.

Question 3

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the _________ level of morality.

Accepted Answer

Most adolescents are at the conventional level of morality, which is the second of three stages according to Kohlberg's theory. At this level, young people conform to rules and expectations of society and family, seeking approval and trying to avoid disapproval. They rely on external standards to determine right and wrong, and their moral principles are based on the expectations of others rather than their own values or personal convictions.

Question 4

Saul believes in the Golden Rule and desperately wants people to view him as a good person. Most likely, he is in which level of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Saul's desire to be seen as a good person and his belief in the Golden Rule suggest he is in the conventional level of moral development, where individuals conform to social norms and seek approval from others.

Question 5

Edmund is a Boy Scout. While on a camping trip, the scout leader tells the boys to stay away from the lake. Some of the scouts ignore the leader and go fishing by the lake anyway. Edmund wants to do what the leader tells him and believes that good behaviors are rewarded while bad behaviors are punished. Which level of moral reasoning is he in?

Accepted Answer

Edmund is in the preconventional level of moral reasoning, where individuals follow rules to avoid punishment or gain rewards.

Question 6

The reckless risk taking found among many adolescents is most likely due to the effects of ________.

Accepted Answer

The personal fable is a common thought pattern in adolescence where they believe they are unique and invincible, leading to reckless risk-taking behavior.

Question 7

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of ________.

Accepted Answer

Preconventional morality is the first level of moral development according to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory. In this level, individuals behave according to rules to avoid punishment and seek rewards. Therefore, obedience to rules because of fear of punishment is a characteristic of preconventional morality.

Question 8

Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent?

Accepted Answer

Brad's decision represents the preconventional stage of moral development, where actions are guided by the consequences of being caught and punished rather than by internal moral principles.

Question 9

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, Liz follows her conscience despite the personal risk. This would be characteristic of ________.

Accepted Answer

Postconventional morality involves making decisions based on a personal sense of ethics and values, even if they conflict with established laws or societal norms. Liz's decision to follow her conscience despite personal risk aligns with this level of moral reasoning.

Question 10

Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of ________.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the chief task of adolescence is to establish an identity, defined as a firm and coherent sense of self. In this stage, individuals explore different roles, values, and beliefs, and integrate them into a unified sense of identity. Therefore, choice A is the best answer. The other options, intimacy (B), generativity (C), and autonomy (D), belong to later stages of development according to Erikson's theory.

Question 11

Fifteen-year-old Todd is writing an impassioned novel about growing up in America. In his novel, he describes his experiences in a way that portrays them as unique, such that no one has ever thought such deep thoughts or experienced such ecstasy before. Todd's writings most clearly reflect ________.

Accepted Answer

Todd's portrayal of his experiences as unique and unprecedented reflects the personal fable, which is the adolescent belief that their experiences and emotions are unique to them and not experienced by others. The personal fable is a common aspect of adolescent egocentrism.

Question 12

Last night, Allie's mom gave her a haircut. As she walked into her high school, she felt like everyone could tell that her bangs were a little uneven. This example illustrates the belief of a(n) ________.

Accepted Answer

The example demonstrates the belief of an imaginary audience, as Allie feels like everyone can tell that her bangs are uneven, even though it's unlikely that everyone is paying attention to her appearance. This is a common belief among adolescents, who often feel like they are the center of attention and that others are constantly judging them.

Question 13

According to Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory of moral development:

Accepted Answer

Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory for being male-centric and argued that it did not adequately represent the moral development of females.

Question 14

At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms?

Accepted Answer

Postconventional morality is characterized by the development of moral reasoning based on individual principles that may conflict with societal norms. This stage involves a more abstract and principled approach to ethical decision-making, where the individual may question and evaluate the validity of established rules and norms. In contrast, conventional morality is more focused on social norms and rule following, while preconventional morality is characterized by a focus on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards. The preoperational stage is a developmental stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development that occurs in early childhood and is focused on egocentric thinking.

Question 15

On big moral issues, parents and teens tend to ________.

Accepted Answer

While there may be some disagreements and discussions, studies have shown that parents and teens tend to have similar values and opinions on big moral issues such as honesty, kindness, and fairness. Therefore, they are likely to agree on these issues.

Question 16

What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg identified three stages of moral development: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. The preconventional stage is focused on self-interest, obedience, and avoiding punishment. The conventional stage involves conformity to social norms and doing what is expected by others. Finally, the postconventional stage is characterized by abstract reasoning and the development of universal moral principles.

Question 17

Brad is 18 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a racecar driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development?

Accepted Answer

Brad is in the stage of identity versus role confusion, which occurs during adolescence. This stage involves exploring different roles and deciding on a sense of self. Part of this process can involve choosing a career path. Therefore, it is important for Brad to carefully consider his options and make a decision based on his personal values, interests, and abilities. It is up to Brad to determine which career path aligns best with his identity and sense of self.

Question 18

The tendency of teenagers to feel that they are always "on stage" and that they are the center of everyone else's world, just as they are the center of their own, is a phenomenon known as ________.

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the question where teenagers feel that they are always "on stage" and believe that they are the center of everyone else's world is known as the "imaginary audience." This is a product of adolescent egocentrism, which is the belief that the adolescent is the center of attention in all social situations. Option A, formal operations, refers to the stage of cognitive development in which adolescents can engage in abstract reasoning. Option C, the personal fable, refers to the belief that teens have that they are unique and special and that their experiences are not shared by anyone else. Option D, puberty, refers to the physical changes that occur during adolescence.

Question 19

The twenties is a time of ________.

Accepted Answer

The twenties is typically considered a time of peak physical health, as young adults generally have fewer health problems than they will later in life.

Question 20

Abe just got his driver's license. He loves to speed around town going more than 20 miles per hour above the speed limit. He believes that he can speed through red lights due to his perfect timing. This is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

Abe's belief that he can speed through red lights due to his perfect timing is an example of the personal fable, which is a common cognitive distortion among adolescents. The personal fable refers to the belief that one is unique and invincible, and that nothing bad can happen to them because they are special. This belief can lead to risky behaviors, such as speeding or driving through red lights, because the individual believes that they are immune to negative consequences.

Quiz 8: Development Across the Life Span