Question 1

Cognitive neuroscientists can examine the brain with ________.
A) electrolysis and PET
B) PET, MRI, and fMRI 
C) MRI and electrolysis
D) Gamma images and electrolysis

Accepted Answer

Cognitive neuroscientists can examine the brain using PET (Positron Emission Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), and fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging). Electrolysis is not a technique used in neuroimaging. Gamma images may refer to gamma-ray imaging which is not commonly used in cognitive neuroscience.

Question 2

Jeff’s car broke down and smoke started rising from the engine. He felt lucky to have broken down while parked in the center of town during lunch when many people were outside and could help. However, 30 minutes has passed and despite the heavily populated area, nobody has offered assistance. This is an example of the 
A) zeitgeist
B) behaviorist effect
C) bystander effect 
D) self-Serving prophecy

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the bystander effect, where individuals are less likely to offer help in a situation when other people are present. It is a phenomenon that occurs due to diffusion of responsibility, in which each bystander assumes that someone else will take action.

Question 3

The field of biopsychology is part of the larger discipline of ________, which refers to the study of the physical structure, function, and development of the nervous system.
A) neuroscience 
B) behavioral genetics
C) sociobiology
D) medicine

Accepted Answer

Biopsychology is the study of the relationship between the brain and behavior, and is a subfield of neuroscience. Neuroscience encompasses the broader study of the nervous system, including its physical structure and function. Therefore, choice A, neuroscience, is the best choice. The other options, behavioral genetics, sociobiology, and medicine, are not as closely related to the study of the nervous system.

Question 4

Darley and Latané (1968) believe that the presence of other people in a distressing situation decreased the likelihood that they would receive help due to ________.
A) diffusion of anonymity 
B) diffusion of responsibility 
C) flaws in laws protecting Good Samaritans
D) timeliness of onset

Accepted Answer

Darley and Latané's theory of the bystander effect held that in a group, the diffusion of responsibility decreases the likelihood of an individual taking action to help someone in distress. Essentially, the more people present, the less likely each individual is to feel personally responsible for helping. Diffusion of anonymity and flaws in laws protecting Good Samaritans may also be factors in some situations, but they are not the primary explanation offered by Darley and Latané. Timeliness of onset does not relate to the bystander effect.

Question 5

You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?
A) behaviorism 
B) humanism 
C) functionalism
D) psychodynamics

Accepted Answer

The terms free will and self-actualization are consistent with the humanistic perspective, which emphasizes an individual's potential for personal growth and self-realization. Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior and its relationship to environmental stimuli, functionalism emphasizes the functions and purpose of mental processes, and psychodynamics focuses on the unconscious and past experiences influencing behavior.

Question 6

Freud said phobias were ________ whereas Watson said phobias were ________.
A) learned; inherited
B) repressed conflicts; learned 
C) sexual; unconscious 
D) conditioned; unconditioned

Accepted Answer

Freud believed phobias were the result of repressed conflicts, while Watson argued that phobias were learned behaviors through conditioning.

Question 7

The psychodynamic perspective was based on the work of ________.
A) Watson
B) Wundt
C) Gestalt
D) Freud

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud, who developed psychoanalytic theory, which focuses on the unconscious mind, childhood experiences, and the dynamic interplay between conscious and unconscious mental processes influencing behavior and emotions.

Question 8

In the early part of the past century, psychologists who broke down thought processes into their basic elements and analyzed them were called structuralists. What term might we use to describe psychologists with similar interests today?
A) Gestalt 
B) cognitive 
C) behavioral
D) humanistic

Accepted Answer

Psychologists with similar interests today would be described as cognitive, as they focus on the mental processes of perception, thinking, and problem-solving.

Question 9

Professor Wenches approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious processes within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?
A) social-cognitive learning
B) behaviorism
C) the cognitive approach
D) the psychodynamic approach

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic approach emphasizes the role of unconscious processes in shaping behavior and personality, and focuses on inner forces, conflicts, and early life experiences. This approach is associated with influential figures such as Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. Professor Wenches' emphasis on unconscious processes suggests that she is likely to favor this approach.

Question 10

Samantha just had her purse stolen while walking down Fifth Avenue in New York City, which is a very busy part of Manhattan. She screamed loudly, and several people looked in her direction, but nobody stopped walking or made an attempt to help. She immediately broke down in tears and trembled for 10 minutes until she could walk to her car. This is an example of ________.
A) democracy
B) the bystander effect 
C) diffusion of effects 
D) flaws in the judicial system

Accepted Answer

The bystander effect is a phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present. In this scenario, even though several people looked in Samantha's direction, they did not offer any assistance or stop walking. This is a classic example of the bystander effect.

Question 11

In studying the bystander effect, a researcher is interested in looking at differences between prison guards in China and the United Kingdom. The researcher is taking a(n) ________ perspective in this cross-cultural study.
A) Eurocentric
B) egocentric
C) culturio 
D) sociocultural

Accepted Answer

The best choice is (D) sociocultural. This is because the researcher is studying how social and cultural factors (being a prison guard in China vs. the UK) impact the bystander effect. The other options are not as relevant in this context. Eurocentric implies a focus only on Western perspectives and egocentric suggests a narrow, self-centered approach. Culturio is not a recognized term or concept.

Question 12

Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism?
A) Gestalt and Wundt
B) Freud and Watson 
C) Watson and Pavlov 
D) Pavlov and Wundt

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism was developed primarily by John Watson and Ivan Pavlov, who focused on observable behaviors and the role of environmental stimuli in shaping them. Neither Gestalt nor Wundt contributed significantly to the development of behaviorism, and while Freud did have an impact on the field of psychology, his focus on unconscious motivations and psychological processes was not central to behaviorism.

Question 13

Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement?
A) William James
B) Sigmund Freud
C) B. F. Skinner 
D) Wilhelm Wundt

Accepted Answer

B. F. Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning, which suggests that behavior is affected by reinforcement. This theory proposes that behaviors are strengthened by positive reinforcement, which is when a reward or pleasant consequence is given in response to the behavior, or negative reinforcement, which is when an unpleasant consequence is removed in response to the behavior. Skinner believed that behaviors can be modified through reinforcement, and that individuals can learn new behaviors through this process.

Question 14

If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the ________ perspective.
A) behavioral
B) sociocultural 
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive

Accepted Answer

The sociocultural perspective focuses on how social, cultural, and environmental factors influence behavior, including patterns, beliefs, and customs. This perspective emphasizes the importance of considering the cultural context in understanding behavior.

Question 15

Humanist Abraham Maslow suggested that when people reach self-actualization, they:
A) develop to their fullest potential.
B) avoid negative consequences of behavior.
C) seek maximum reward for all their behaviors.
D) learn from their mistakes and move on.

Accepted Answer

Maslow's theory of self-actualization suggests that individuals who reach this stage have fulfilled their basic physiological, safety, love/belonging, and esteem needs and are now focused on personal growth, developing their full potential, and achieving their highest goals. Therefore, the answer is A - they develop to their fullest potential.

Question 16

Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behavior?
A) William James and Wilhelm Wundt 
B) B. F. Skinner and Max Wertheimer
C) Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson 
D) Carl Rogers and Edward Titchener

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson both believed in behaviorism, which held that behavior could be explained through observations of external stimuli and responses. They believed that behavior was shaped by conditioning, and that the environment played a large role in determining how an individual acted.

Question 17

Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?
A) psychoanalysis 
B) humanism 
C) cognitive perspective
D) behaviorism

Accepted Answer

Humanism is the perspective that focuses on free will and self-actualization. It emphasizes the individual's inherent drive towards personal growth and the ability to make choices about their own lives. This perspective is often contrasted with deterministic views that suggest individuals are shaped solely by their environment and experiences.

Question 18

Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was strongly influenced by John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research?
A) a survey of daydreams
B) an analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired 
C) a survey of sexual imagery in dreams of men and women
D) an analysis of the thought processes students report while answering test items

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson was a behaviorist and believed that behavior could be systematically studied and influenced through conditioning. Therefore, an analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired would align with his beliefs and be an acceptable choice for research. The other options, including surveys of thoughts and dreams, would not necessarily fit within the behaviorist approach.

Question 19

The emerging field of brain imagery in cognitive neuroscience has developed methods, such as MRI, to examine ________.
A) images and activity of the living brain 
B) biopsies of the brain of a cadaver 
C) select biopsied portions of a brain
D) acute time of death in stroke patients

Accepted Answer

Brain imagery in cognitive neuroscience uses methods like MRI to observe images and activity in the living brain. Options B, C, and D do not accurately describe the field or techniques used.

Question 20

Professor Beverly approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes bodily events and chemicals, such as hormones, associated with behavior. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?
A) biopsychological 
B) learning
C) cognitive
D) sociocultural

Accepted Answer

Professor Beverly's emphasis on bodily events and chemicals associated with behavior suggests an acceptance of the biopsychological approach, which examines the biological basis of behavior.

Quiz 1: The Science of Psychology

Cognitive neuroscientists can examine the brain with ________.

The field of biopsychology is part of the larger discipline of ________, which refers to the study of the physical structure, function, and development of the nervous system.

Darley and Latané (1968) believe that the presence of other people in a distressing situation decreased the likelihood that they would receive help due to ________.

You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?

Freud said phobias were whereas Watson said phobias were .

The psychodynamic perspective was based on the work of ________.

In the early part of the past century, psychologists who broke down thought processes into their basic elements and analyzed them were called structuralists. What term might we use to describe psychologists with similar interests today?

Professor Wenches approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious processes within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?

In studying the bystander effect, a researcher is interested in looking at differences between prison guards in China and the United Kingdom. The researcher is taking a(n) ________ perspective in this cross-cultural study.

Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism?

Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement?

If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the ________ perspective.

Humanist Abraham Maslow suggested that when people reach self-actualization, they:

Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behavior?

Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?

Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was strongly influenced by John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research?

The emerging field of brain imagery in cognitive neuroscience has developed methods, such as MRI, to examine ________.

Professor Beverly approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes bodily events and chemicals, such as hormones, associated with behavior. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?