Question 1

The impact of allostatic load is demonstrated by which phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon of slow wound healing in couples who displayed high levels of hostile behavior demonstrates the impact of allostatic load. Allostatic load refers to the wear and tear on the body resulting from chronic stress, leading to physiological dysregulation that can negatively affect health and well-being. The high levels of hostility and conflict within the couple's relationship would contribute to increased allostatic load, leading to slow wound healing.

Question 2

The capacity of stress to ________ would predispose an organism to develop an infectious illness.

Accepted Answer

Chronic stress can inhibit the immune system by prolonging the release of stress hormones such as cortisol, which can suppress the activity of white blood cells, making an organism more susceptible to infectious illnesses.

Question 3

The correct pathway for the secretion of glucocorticoids involves:

Accepted Answer

C

Question 4

A physiological reaction produced in the body by the perception of aversive or threatening events is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The answer of A physiological reaction produced in the body...

Question 5

Neurons localized within the ________ control the secretion of glucocorticoids.

Accepted Answer

The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) plays a major role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which controls the secretion of glucocorticoids. Specifically, neurons within the PVN secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin, which signals the anterior pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which then stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids.

Question 6

Prolonged stress can result in cardiovascular disease because

Accepted Answer

The answer of Prolonged stress can result in cardiovascular disease...

Question 7

Injection of corticotropin-releasing factor into the ventricles of rats results in

Accepted Answer

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is involved in the stress response and can enhance the learning of fear-related behaviors. Injecting CRF into the ventricles of rats increases their ability to learn conditioned fear responses, as it simulates the activation of the stress response system, which is known to enhance the consolidation of emotional memories.

Question 8

The capacity of stress to suppress the immune response is mediated by the secretion of

Accepted Answer

The secretion of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, is a key mediator of the immunosuppressive effects of stress. Glucocorticoids can inhibit the activation and proliferation of immune cells, including T cells and B cells, as well as suppress the production of cytokines that promote immune function.

Question 9

Long-term exposure to steroids can result in

Accepted Answer

Long-term exposure to steroids can lead to psychiatric symptoms, including anxiety and a form of psychosis called steroid-induced psychosis.

Question 10

Hans Selye argued that ill health noted after stress exposure reflects

Accepted Answer

Hans Selye proposed the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) theory, which suggests that the prolonged secretion of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, in response to chronic stress leads to various negative health outcomes, including immune suppression, inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, ill health noted after stress exposure reflects the prolonged activation of the stress response system and its negative effects on the body.

Question 11

During a stress response,

Accepted Answer

The answer of During a stress response,
...

Question 12

Injection of CRH into the brain would be expected to result in

Accepted Answer

Injection of CRH into the brain would activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and lead to the release of stress hormones such as cortisol. This would result in behavioral signs of anxiety.

Question 13

The hypothalamus releases ___________, the pituitary releases __________, and the adrenals release ___________________ to make up the steps of action in the HPA axis.

Accepted Answer

The HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis involves a cascade of hormonal secretions that eventually lead to the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal glands. The first step starts in the hypothalamus, which releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). This hormone then stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which in turn stimulates the adrenal glands to release glucocorticoids (such as cortisol). Therefore, the correct order is A) corticotropin-releasing hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone; glucocorticoids.

Question 14

Glucocorticoid receptors

Accepted Answer

Glucocorticoid receptors are found within almost every cell of the body, which allows them to exert widespread effects on various bodily functions. They are not necessarily found in the highest concentration in the adrenal glands, although the adrenal glands do produce glucocorticoids. Additionally, glucocorticoid receptors do not disappear following adrenalectomy, as they are still present in other tissues throughout the body. While age can affect the function of glucocorticoid receptors, they do not necessarily deteriorate with age. Finally, although there are glucocorticoid receptors located in the brainstem and spinal cord, they are not primarily localized there.

Question 15

In a response to a stressful situation, the ___________ stimulates release of catecholamines from the _____________.

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic adrenal-medullary system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, which is a physiological response to stress. This system releases catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) from the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Therefore, choice A is the best answer.

Question 16

With regard to glucocorticoids,

Accepted Answer

An inability to secrete glucocorticoids (such as in Addison's disease) results in a decreased ability to cope with stress, making individuals more reactive/toxic to stressors.

Answer: E 
 Receptors for glucocorticoids are found in many areas of the brain, but they are especially numerous in the limbic system. This is because glucocorticoids play a role in regulating emotions, stress, and cognitive functions that are primarily governed by the limbic system.

Question 17

A person who has been subjected to long-term stress

Accepted Answer

Long-term stress can have negative effects on one's physical and mental health, leading to a higher risk of developing certain health conditions later in life such as cardiovascular disease, depression, and anxiety. Immediate effects may also be present, but the long-term impact is more concerning.

Question 18

In a response to a stressful situation, the ___________ stimulates release of cortisol from the _____________.

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis is responsible for releasing cortisol in response to stress. Cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Therefore, choice D is the correct answer. Choices A and B involve the sympathetic adrenal-medullary system, which releases adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla, not cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Choice C involves the HPA axis, but incorrectly identifies the source of cortisol as the adrenal medulla. Choice E is not a recognized physiological system.

Question 19

Another name for CRH is ________ factor.

Accepted Answer

CRH stands for corticotropin-releasing hormone, so the best choice is E - corticotropin-releasing. The other options are hormones that are involved in different physiological processes, but not related to the production of CRH.

Question 20

Which of the following persons would be expected to take more time to heal from a cut on his or her hand?

Accepted Answer

The spouse of an Alzheimer's patient is likely to experience chronic stress due to caregiving responsibilities, which can impair immune function and slow down the healing process.

Quiz 17: Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, attention-Deficithyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders