Question 1

Growth and development of plant parts involves ________.
I. cell division to produce new cells
II. enlargement and elongation of cells
III. specialization of cells into tissues
A) only I
B) only II
C) only III
D) I and III
E) I, II, and III

Accepted Answer

Growth and development of plant parts involve cell division to produce new cells, enlargement and elongation of cells, and specialization of cells into tissues. Therefore, all three options (I, II, and III) are correct and should be chosen.

Question 2

If the expression of the PHAN gene is blocked in plants, what will be the likely result?
A) Plants will fail to develop leaves.
B) Plants will develop more leaves than usual.
C) Plants will develop leaves in very simple shapes.
D) Plants will develop leaves in inappropriate places.

Accepted Answer

The PHAN gene is involved in the development of complex leaf shapes. If its expression is blocked, leaves will develop in simpler shapes.

Question 3

Which of the following is TRUE about vegetative reproduction?
A) It involves both meiosis and mitosis to produce haploid and diploid cells.
B) It results in the production of fruits.
C) It involves only meiosis.
D) It can lead to genetically altered forms of the species.
E) It produces clones of the parent plant.

Accepted Answer

Vegetative reproduction results in the production of clones of the parent plant, meaning that the resulting offspring are genetically identical to the parent. Vegetative reproduction does not involve meiosis, which results in the production of genetically diverse haploid cells, nor does it result in the production of fruits. While genetic alteration can occur through mutations, vegetative reproduction does not involve the exchange of genetic material characteristic of sexual reproduction.

Question 4

According to the ABC model of floral development, which genes would be expressed in a showy ornamental flower with multiple sepals and petals but no stamens or carpels?
A) A genes only
B) B genes only
C) C genes only
D) A and B genes only
E) A and C genes only

Accepted Answer

In the ABC model of floral development, A genes promote the development of sepals, A and B genes together promote the development of petals, B and C genes promote the development of stamens, and C genes alone promote the development of carpels. A flower with multiple sepals and petals but no stamens or carpels would express A and B genes only.

Question 5

You have a plant that naturally exhibits simple leaves, but you would like to change the shape of the leaves from simple to compound. What gene could you over express in your plant to induce compound leaf formation?
A) bicoid
B) MONOPTEROS
C) PHANTASTICA
D) cytoplasmic determinants
E) Sonic hedgehog

Accepted Answer

PHANTASTICA is a gene involved in leaf development and morphology. Overexpressing PHANTASTICA in certain plants can lead to the transformation of simple leaves into compound leaves by affecting the leaf's patterning and growth.

Question 6

The ABC genes in Arabidopsis are considered homeotic genes. What could be a reason for this classification?
A) Each of the three genes codes for a different flower organ.
B) Each gene codes for regulatory transcription factors.
C) Each gene is similar in sequence to homeotic genes in Drosophila.
D) Each gene codes for proteins similar to Hox genes in mice.

Accepted Answer

Homeotic genes are known for their role in regulating the development of anatomical structures, and they often code for transcription factors that control the expression of other genes. The ABC genes in Arabidopsis are classified as homeotic because they code for regulatory transcription factors that determine the identity of floral organs.

Question 7

Meristematic tissue cells in plants are most similar to which kind of cells in animals?
A) somite cells
B) ectodermal cells
C) embryonic stem cells
D) mesodermal cells

Accepted Answer

Meristematic tissue cells in plants have the ability to continuously divide and differentiate into all types of plant cells, similar to embryonic stem cells in animals which have the ability to differentiate into all types of cells in the body.

Question 8

In the early plant embryo, cells divide asymmetrically. Which structure does NOT result from divisions of the apical (terminal) cell?
A) the suspensor
B) the cotyledons
C) the hypocotyls
D) the shoot

Accepted Answer

The suspensor results from divisions of the basal cell, not the apical (terminal) cell, in the early plant embryo. The apical cell gives rise to most of the embryo, including the cotyledons, hypocotyl, and shoot.

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower?
A) petals → sepals → stamens → carpels
B) sepals → stamens → petals → carpels
C) spores → gametes → zygote → embryo
D) sepals → petals → stamens → carpels
E) male gametophyte → female gametophyte → sepals → petals

Accepted Answer

In a complete flower, the order of floral organs from the outside to the inside is sepals → petals → stamens → carpels. Option A and B have the incorrect order, option C describes the process of fertilization and embryonic development, and option E has the incorrect order and includes gametophytes which are not floral organs.

Question 10

Based on the ABC model, what would be the structure of a flower from the outermost whorl that had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls?
A) carpel-petal-petal-carpel
B) petal-petal-stamen-stamen
C) sepal-carpel-carpel-sepal
D) sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel
E) carpel-carpel-carpel-carpel

Accepted Answer

According to the ABC model, the combination of genes A, B, and C are responsible for the identity of the four floral whorls. In this scenario, gene B is expressed in all four whorls, which means that each whorl will have characteristics of both whorls on either side of it. Therefore, the flower would have two whorls of petals (outermost and second whorl) and two whorls of stamens (third and innermost whorl), resulting in the structure petal-petal-stamen-stamen.

Question 11

The floral meristem in flowering plants develops from the shoot apical meristem, which usually produces leaves. Which floral part is NOT a modified leaf?
A) sepal
B) carpel
C) stamen
D) pollen tube

Accepted Answer

The pollen tube is not a modified leaf; it is a structure that develops from a pollen grain when it germinates, facilitating the transfer of sperm to the ovule for fertilization. Sepals, carpels, and stamens are considered modified leaves, specialized for the functions of protection, reproduction, and pollen production, respectively.

Quiz 38: Plant Reproduction and Development

Growth and development of plant parts involves ________. I. cell division to produce new cells II. enlargement and elongation of cells III. specialization of cells into tissues

If the expression of the PHAN gene is blocked in plants, what will be the likely result?

Which of the following is TRUE about vegetative reproduction?

According to the ABC model of floral development, which genes would be expressed in a showy ornamental flower with multiple sepals and petals but no stamens or carpels?

You have a plant that naturally exhibits simple leaves, but you would like to change the shape of the leaves from simple to compound. What gene could you over express in your plant to induce compound leaf formation?

The ABC genes in Arabidopsis are considered homeotic genes. What could be a reason for this classification?

Meristematic tissue cells in plants are most similar to which kind of cells in animals?

In the early plant embryo, cells divide asymmetrically. Which structure does NOT result from divisions of the apical (terminal) cell?

Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower?

Based on the ABC model, what would be the structure of a flower from the outermost whorl that had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls?

The floral meristem in flowering plants develops from the shoot apical meristem, which usually produces leaves. Which floral part is NOT a modified leaf?