Question 1

Mei had high blood pressure, so her physician gave her a prescription for a certain drug that lowered her blood pressure by allowing more sodium ions to be excreted in the urine. This drug interfered with the making of ________.
A) erythropoietin
B) atrial natriuretic hormone
C) angiotensin II
D) growth hormone

Accepted Answer

The drug prescribed to Mei is likely an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) that interferes with the production of angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a hormone that constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure. By lowering the levels of angiotensin II, more sodium ions are excreted in the urine, leading to decreased blood pressure. The other choices listed (erythropoietin, atrial natriuretic hormone, and growth hormone) do not directly affect blood pressure in the same way as angiotensin II.

Question 2

An individual is moderately dehydrated and reaches for a beer to quench his thirst. Although this person thinks that he is hydrating himself, he is actually causing additional dehydration. Why is this the case?
A) The alcohol in the beer inhibits antidiuretic hormone.
B) The alcohol in the beer causes a decrease in sodium reabsorption in the nephron.
C) The alcohol in the beer inhibits aldosterone.
D) The alcohol in the beer causes an increase in the activity of renin.

Accepted Answer

Alcohol inhibits the release of antidiuretic hormone, which results in increased urine production and further dehydration.

Question 3

Thick, smooth muscle located at the junction of the bladder and urethra that aids in pushing stored urine into the urethra is called the ________.
A) external urethral sphincter
B) internal urethral sphincter
C) urinary sphincter
D) medial urethral sphincter

Accepted Answer

The internal urethral sphincter is a thick, smooth muscle located at the junction of the bladder and urethra that aids in pushing stored urine into the urethra. The external urethral sphincter is located further down the urethra and is under voluntary control. The terms "urinary sphincter" and "medial urethral sphincter" are not commonly used anatomical terms.

Question 4

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions here.
A) glomerular capsule
B) proximal convoluted tubule
C) loop of the nephron
D) distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephron.

Question 5

The organs that eliminate waste from the body do not include ________.
A) skin
B) lungs
C) heart
D) kidneys

Accepted Answer

The heart is not an organ that eliminates waste from the body. The skin, lungs, and kidneys are responsible for removing waste products from the body.

Question 6

Urinalysis shows that Marianne has large amounts of protein in her urine. The area of the nephron that must be malfunctioning is the ________.
A) loop of the nephron
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) glomerulus
D) collecting duct

Accepted Answer

The glomerulus is where filtration of blood occurs in the nephron, and large amounts of protein in urine indicates that the glomerulus is allowing too much protein to be filtered out of the blood and into the urine.

Question 7

Which of the following is a disease characterized by the excretion of large amounts of dilute urine caused by a deficiency of ADH?
A) diabetes mellitus
B) diabetes insipidus
C) pyelonephritis
D) cystitis

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus is a disease characterized by the excretion of large amounts of dilute urine caused by a deficiency of ADH. Diabetes mellitus, pyelonephritis, and cystitis are not associated with a deficiency of ADH.

Question 8

The filtrate moves out of the glomerular capsule to the ________ and then to the loop of the nephron.
A) proximal convoluted tubule
B) juxtaglomerular apparatus
C) collecting duct
D) renal pelvis

Accepted Answer

The filtrate initially moves out of the glomerular capsule and into the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron. From there, it moves through the loop of the nephron and into the distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, and eventually the renal pelvis for excretion. The juxtaglomerular apparatus plays a role in regulating blood pressure and filtration, but is not part of the pathway for the filtrate.

Question 9

Someone who has just had a glass of wine will soon make less of this hormone.
A) renin
B) aldosterone
C) atrial natriuretic peptide
D) antidiuretic hormone

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone that helps regulate the body's water balance by controlling the amount of water that is excreted in urine. Alcohol consumption inhibits the production of ADH, leading to increased urination and dehydration. Therefore, someone who has just had a glass of wine will soon make less ADH.

Question 10

The hormone erythropoietin acts to stimulate cells that are located in the ________ of an adult.
A) blood
B) kidneys
C) spleen
D) red bone marrow

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin stimulates the production of red blood cells in the red bone marrow.

Question 11

Which is a hormone that reduces blood volume and pressure by pulling more water out of the blood and increases urine volume?
A) erythropoietin
B) atrial natriuretic hormone
C) aldosterone
D) renin

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is a hormone secreted by the atria of the heart in response to stretching of the atrial wall due to an increase in blood volume. ANH reduces blood volume and pressure by increasing urine volume through its action on the kidneys. ANH inhibits the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys, thus pulling more water out of the blood, and promoting excretion of excess water and sodium in the urine. Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production, aldosterone retains sodium and water, and renin helps regulate blood pressure by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Question 12

Which of these people is most likely to have kidney trauma in an accident?
A) an obese older individual
B) a person of average weight
C) an obese younger person
D) an elderly person with almost no body fat

Accepted Answer

An elderly person with almost no body fat is most likely to have kidney trauma in an accident because the lack of protective fat around the kidneys makes them more vulnerable to injury.

Question 13

Urine moves from the renal pelvis to the ________ next.
A) nephron
B) ureter
C) urethra
D) uterus

Accepted Answer

Urine moves from the renal pelvis to the ureter next, which is the tube that leads to the bladder. The ureter is responsible for transporting the urine from the kidneys to the bladder, where it is stored until it is eliminated from the body through the urethra.

Question 14

What benefit do animals get from having very long loops of the nephron?
A) They can send more glucose back to circulation.
B) They make less nitrogenous waste products.
C) They can send more water back to circulation.
D) They can excrete more salt.

Accepted Answer

Animals with long loops of the nephron can reabsorb more water from the filtrate, allowing them to conserve water in their bodies. This is particularly important for animals living in arid or desert environments.

Question 15

When a person's blood pH is too low, the kidneys will restore a healthier balance by ________.
A) secreting more sodium ions into the urine
B) reabsorbing more hydrogen ions from the filtrate
C) secreting excess hydrogen ions into urine
D) slowing ventilation

Accepted Answer

When blood pH is too low (acidic), the kidneys will secrete excess hydrogen ions into the urine to decrease the acidity of the blood and restore a healthier balance. Option A is incorrect because sodium ions are not directly involved in regulating blood pH. Option B is incorrect because reabsorbing more hydrogen ions from the filtrate would further decrease blood pH, rather than restoring a healthier balance. Option D is incorrect because slowing ventilation would result in an accumulation of carbon dioxide, which would further lower blood pH.

Question 16

A region of the nephron that regulates the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole, which stimulates the release of aldosterone, is the ________.
A) loop of the nephron
B) glomerular capsule
C) juxtaglomerular apparatus
D) glomerulus

Accepted Answer

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is a specialized region of the nephron which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa cells, and extraglomerular mesangial cells. The JGA is responsible for regulating blood pressure in the afferent arteriole by secreting renin, which leads to the formation of angiotensin II and aldosterone, both of which increase blood pressure.

Question 17

Substances such as alcohol that promote the formation of urine are known as ________.
A) diuretics
B) renal stimulators
C) antidiuretics
D) hormones

Accepted Answer

Diuretics are substances that increase urine formation and output by inhibiting the reabsorption of water and/or electrolytes, such as sodium, from the renal tubules back into the bloodstream. Alcohol is a known diuretic that affects the kidney's ability to concentrate urine, leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances if consumed excessively. Option B is incorrect because there is no specific substance or hormone that can directly stimulate the kidneys to produce more urine. Option C refers to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland to decrease urine output by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys. Option D is too broad and not specific to substances that affect urine formation.

Question 18

Samara is an astronaut in deep space away from gravity. How could her urine move away from the kidneys and to the bladder in such a situation?
A) skeletal muscle movements
B) peristalsis
C) the Valsalva maneuver
D) bladder suction pressure

Accepted Answer

In the absence of gravity, urine is unable to move down to the bladder by the usual means of gravity-assisted flow. Instead, the urinary system uses muscular contractions called peristalsis to move urine through the ureters and into the bladder.

Question 19

Which of the following is a hormone that regulates the reabsorption of sodium by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts?
A) angiotensin
B) ANP
C) ADH
D) aldosterone

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone is a hormone released by the adrenal glands that regulates the reabsorption of sodium by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts. It acts on the cells of the renal tubules to increase the expression of sodium-potassium pumps, which increases the reabsorption of sodium ions from the urine into the bloodstream. This leads to increased water reabsorption and retention in the body, which can increase blood pressure.

Question 20

Which of the following does not normally move to any great extent from the blood into the filtrate at the renal corpuscle?
A) plasma proteins
B) water
C) hydrogen ions
D) urea

Accepted Answer

Plasma proteins are too large to pass through the filtration membrane at the renal corpuscle, so they do not normally move from the blood into the filtrate. Water, hydrogen ions, and urea do move across the membrane to some extent.

Quiz 22: The Urinary System

Mei had high blood pressure, so her physician gave her a prescription for a certain drug that lowered her blood pressure by allowing more sodium ions to be excreted in the urine. This drug interfered with the making of ________.

An individual is moderately dehydrated and reaches for a beer to quench his thirst. Although this person thinks that he is hydrating himself, he is actually causing additional dehydration. Why is this the case?

Thick, smooth muscle located at the junction of the bladder and urethra that aids in pushing stored urine into the urethra is called the ________.

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions here.

The organs that eliminate waste from the body do not include ________.

Urinalysis shows that Marianne has large amounts of protein in her urine. The area of the nephron that must be malfunctioning is the ________.

Which of the following is a disease characterized by the excretion of large amounts of dilute urine caused by a deficiency of ADH?

The filtrate moves out of the glomerular capsule to the ________ and then to the loop of the nephron.

Someone who has just had a glass of wine will soon make less of this hormone.

The hormone erythropoietin acts to stimulate cells that are located in the ________ of an adult.

Which is a hormone that reduces blood volume and pressure by pulling more water out of the blood and increases urine volume?

Which of these people is most likely to have kidney trauma in an accident?

Urine moves from the renal pelvis to the ________ next.

What benefit do animals get from having very long loops of the nephron?

When a person's blood pH is too low, the kidneys will restore a healthier balance by ________.

A region of the nephron that regulates the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole, which stimulates the release of aldosterone, is the ________.

Substances such as alcohol that promote the formation of urine are known as ________.

Samara is an astronaut in deep space away from gravity. How could her urine move away from the kidneys and to the bladder in such a situation?

Which of the following is a hormone that regulates the reabsorption of sodium by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts?

Which of the following does not normally move to any great extent from the blood into the filtrate at the renal corpuscle?