Question 1

Retrieval is _____.

Accepted Answer

Retrieval is the process of bringing information that has been stored in long-term memory to the conscious level in short-term memory. This means that retrieving information involves accessing and bringing back to mind information that has previously been encoded and stored in memory. While maintenance in memory (option A) is important for keeping information available, this does not entail accessing the information for use. Similarly, transferring information from one memory stage to the next (option D) involves the movement or transformation of information between memory stages, but it does not involve accessing that information. Option C describes the process of attention and encoding rather than retrieval.

Question 2

Research suggests which of the following is one of the BEST ways to remember information about memory in your textbook?

Accepted Answer

Relating information to yourself is a form of elaborative encoding, which has been shown to improve memory retention. Rereading information several times might not be as effective as it creates a false sense of familiarity rather than actual retention. Saying information aloud or copying it from the text might also not be as effective as it only engages auditory or visual modalities, whereas elaborative encoding engages semantic processing.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of elaborative rehearsal?

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal involves associating new information with existing knowledge or experience. Margaret thinking of her experience riding a bicycle to remember the concept of procedural memory is an example of elaborative rehearsal.

Question 4

If people count backwards for 30 seconds after viewing a list of words, then attempt to freely recall the words, the serial position curve is likely to reveal _____.

Accepted Answer

Counting backwards for 30 seconds after viewing a list of words interferes with the recency effect, which is the tendency to remember the last items in a list due to their fresh presence in short-term memory. The primacy effect, the tendency to remember the first items because they have been more effectively transferred to long-term memory, remains unaffected by this interference.

Question 5

Automatic processing involves _____.

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing refers to the brain's ability to process information without conscious effort or attention, such as habits or activities that can be performed without actively thinking about them.

Question 6

Encoding is _____.

Accepted Answer

Encoding refers to the initial process of acquiring and transferring information from sensory memory to short-term memory and then to long-term memory. Therefore, D, "the process of transferring information from one memory stage to the next" is the best choice. A, maintaining information in a particular stage, and B, bringing information stored in long-term memory to the conscious level in short-term memory, and C, bringing information stored in short-term memory to the conscious level in long-term memory, do not accurately represent the definition of encoding.

Question 7

Elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal because _____.

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal involves making connections between new information and existing knowledge in order to create a deeper and more meaningful understanding of the material. This type of rehearsal provides more retrieval cues when we need to recall information, making it more effective than maintenance rehearsal, which simply involves repeating information over and over again without making any meaningful associations.

Question 8

Encoding refers to which of the following transfers of information?

Accepted Answer

Encoding is the process of transferring information from sensory memory to short-term memory.

Question 9

The primacy effect likely occurs because research participants _____.

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect occurs because research participants study the first few words in the list more than later words. They pay more attention to the beginning of the list and encode it more deeply than the later words. This results in better recall for the early words.

Question 10

Storage is _____.

Accepted Answer

Storage refers to the process of maintaining information in a memory stage, such as keeping information in short-term memory or long-term memory.

Question 11

According to levels-of-processing theory, _____ processing stimulates greater recall than _____ processing.

Accepted Answer

According to levels-of-processing theory, deeper, more meaningful processing (i.e. semantic processing) of information leads to greater recall compared to surface, shallow processing (i.e. acoustic or physical processing).

Question 12

Tessa frequently has difficulty remembering where she left her car keys. If she wants to be more likely to recall where she left her keys in the future, she should engage in _____.

Accepted Answer

Effortful processing refers to actively trying to remember or encode information. It requires a higher level of attention and concentration than automatic processing, and it has been shown to lead to better long-term memory retention. Therefore, Tessa should engage in effortful processing when she is trying to remember where she left her car keys to improve her chances of recalling the information in the future.

Question 13

Long-term recognition memory is best for words encoded _____, next best for those encoded _____, and worst for those encoded _____.

Accepted Answer

Long-term recognition memory is best for words that have been encoded semantically, as this involves processing their meaning and relevance, which is more likely to lead to effective recall. Words that have been encoded acoustically may also be recognized well, as the sounds of the words can serve as retrieval cues. Words that have been encoded physically (such as by their appearance or placement on a page) are the worst for long-term recognition memory, as this type of encoding is less likely to lead to meaningful associations and connections that can aid in recall.

Question 14

Sandra read a section of her textbook, but when she tried to answer the concept check questions at the end of the section, she could not even remember reading about the topics covered in the questions. It is likely that when reading, Sandra used _____ rather than _____, which is required for effective study.

Accepted Answer

Sandra likely used automatic processing, which involves minimal attention and effort, rather than effortful processing, which requires active engagement and deeper cognitive effort, necessary for effective study and retention of complex material.

Question 15

Maintenance rehearsal is to _____ as elaborative rehearsal is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Maintenance rehearsal involves simple repetition to keep information in short-term memory or to move it into long-term memory but does not involve deep processing or understanding of the material. Elaborative rehearsal, on the other hand, involves making meaningful connections to the information, leading to deeper processing and better memory.

Question 16

What type of "work" is done in working memory?

Accepted Answer

Working memory is responsible for temporarily storing and processing information for immediate use in decision making or for transfer to long-term memory. It is the "workbench" of the brain where active cognitive processes occur, such as attention, perception, reasoning, and problem solving.

Question 17

Research by Craik and Tulving revealed that recognition of words depended on the types of questions asked about each word. Which of the following BEST reflects their findings concerning processing conditions ordered from best to worst?

Accepted Answer

Craik and Tulving found that semantic processing led to the best recognition of words, followed by acoustic processing, and then physical processing. Therefore, choice C reflects their findings in the correct order, with semantic processing first, followed by acoustic processing, and then physical processing.

Question 18

Craik and Tulving found that recognition memory was best in the _____ processing condition and worst in the _____ processing condition.

Accepted Answer

Craik and Tulving's experiment showed that recognition memory was best in the semantic processing condition, which involves meaning and deep processing of information, and worst in the physical processing condition, which only involves superficial features such as the sound or appearance of words. Therefore, the best choice is B, where semantic processing is contrasted with physical processing.

Question 19

Conscious is to unconscious as _____ is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Conscious and unconscious refer to different levels of processing, just like effortful and automatic processing. Conscious processing requires effort and attention, while unconscious processing can happen automatically and without conscious awareness. Similarly, effortful processing requires conscious attention and deliberate effort, while automatic processing can happen quickly and with minimal conscious effort. Therefore, the correct analogy is conscious:unconscious::effortful processing:automatic processing.

Question 20

If people are forced to rehearse all words on a list equally, followed by freely recalling the words, the serial position curve is likely to reveal _____.

Accepted Answer

When people are forced to rehearse all words on a list equally, followed by freely recalling the words, the recency effect is likely to be present but the primacy effect is likely to be diminished or absent. This is because the earlier items suffer from proactive interference, whereas the later items are still in working memory. Therefore, the serial position curve is likely to reveal a recency effect but not a primacy effect.

Quiz 5: Section 2:memory