Question 1

Which of the following positive states of consciousness do not characterize what Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi refers to as "flow"?
A) A high level of focused attention.
B) Involvement in an activity such that time seems to fly by.
C) A sense of intrinsic enjoyment in the activity.
D) A temporary loss of self-consciousness.
E) All of the above characterize "flow."

Accepted Answer

All of the listed positive states of consciousness characterize "flow," according to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's definition.

Question 2

Which of the following is not one of the personality characteristics emphasized by Maslow in describing self-actualizing individuals?
A) spontaneous and creative.
B) responsiveness to the demands of reality.
C) varied interpersonal relationships with many people.
D) resistance to conformity and assertiveness.

Accepted Answer

Maslow emphasized the importance of close interpersonal relationships and belongingness as part of self-actualization, rather than having many varied relationships with many people.

Question 3

Of the following arguments, which is least likely to have come from those who identify themselves as positive psychologists?
A) Freud placed too much emphasis on psychopathology and psychological distress.
B) Rogers's and Maslow's emphasis on human potentials provided good models for psychological theorizing.
C) The result of Freud having based his theory on his clinical work is that current psychological theories overemphasize human potentials.
D) To bring attention to the positive side of human nature would be to fill in an overly wide gap in our current understanding of individuals.

Accepted Answer

Positive psychologists generally criticize traditional psychoanalytic theories, which they believe focus excessively on negative aspects of human behavior. Therefore, it is unlikely that they would argue that Freud's theory emphasizes human potentials too little. Option A is at odds with positive psychology's emphasis on positivity, so it is also an unlikely statement. Option B and option D, which reflect a more positive perspective, are both in line with the principles of positive psychology.

Question 4

What goal(s) underlie Seligman and colleagues' development of a classification of human strengths?
A) To bring the positive side of human nature to the attention of psychological scientists.
B) To foster systematic research on the positive side of human nature.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b are correct.

Accepted Answer

Both option a and b are correct as Seligman and colleagues aimed to highlight the positive aspects of human nature and also promote further research in this area.

Question 5

Research by Heine et al. demonstrates that
A) the distribution of self-esteem scores differs in Asia vs. North America.
B) people in Asia have higher self-esteem than people in North America.
C) self-esteem does not exist in Asia as a distinct psychological variable.
D) none of the above.

Accepted Answer

The research by Heine et al. found that the distribution of self-esteem scores differs in Asia compared to North America, indicating cultural differences in the way individuals perceive and evaluate themselves. However, the study did not suggest that people in Asia have higher self-esteem or that self-esteem does not exist as a distinct psychological variable in Asia.

Question 6

Which of the following concepts is illustrated by the quote, "I became completely 'lost' in what I was doing, unaware of time, other obligations, or other people"?
A) Existentialism.
B) Broadening.
C) Resilience.
D) Flow.

Accepted Answer

The quote illustrates the concept of "flow," which is a psychological state of complete absorption and engagement in an activity, to the point where a person loses track of time and external distractions. This concept was introduced by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi.

Question 7

Maslow characterized actualizing people as being
A) able to accept themselves.
B) able to accept others.
C) able to form intimate relationships.
D) all of the above.

Accepted Answer

Maslow believed that actualizing people possess a set of characteristics, including self-acceptance, acceptance of others, and the ability to form close and meaningful relationships. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is not a characteristic of self actualizing people?
A) They are accepting of self and others.
B) They conform readily.
C) They are capable of independence.
D) They are capable of intimacy.

Accepted Answer

Self-actualizing people are known for their ability to express independence and resist conformity. Option B, which describes their ability to conform readily, contradicts this characteristic and is therefore not a characteristic of self-actualizing people.

Question 9

Maslow described the human potential movement in American psychology as
A) the "third force."
B) the "final frontier."
C) a lost cause.
D) the only hope for the future.

Accepted Answer

Maslow referred to the human potential movement as the "third force" in psychology, distinct from behaviorism and psychoanalysis, and believed it offered a new approach to understanding human behavior and potential.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a condition emphasized by Rogers as crucial to therapeutic movement?
A) congruence.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) empathic understanding.
D) elimination of defense mechanism.

Accepted Answer

Rogers emphasized congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding as crucial conditions for therapeutic movement. However, he did not emphasize the elimination of defense mechanisms.

Question 11

In the case of Mrs. Oak
A) self-ideal congruence increased as a result of therapy but decreased after follow-up.
B) self-ideal congruence decreased as a result of therapy and further decreased after follow-up.
C) self-ideal congruence increased as a result of therapy and increased after follow-up.
D) self-ideal congruence decreased as a result of therapy but increased after follow-up.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed that self-ideal congruence is the degree to which a person's self-concept matches their ideal self. In the case of Mrs. Oak, she initially struggled with feelings of worthlessness and self-doubt, which suggests that her self-concept was not congruent with her ideal self. However, after therapy, Mrs. Oak reported feeling more confident and capable, which suggests that her self-concept became more congruent with her ideal self. This increase in self-ideal congruence was maintained during the follow-up period, indicating that the therapy had a lasting positive impact.

Question 12

The Human Potential Movement emphasizes all of the following except
A) self-actualization.
B) fulfillment of potential.
C) human narcissism and altruism.
D) openness to experience.

Accepted Answer

The Human Potential Movement focuses on the personal growth and development of individuals, emphasizing self-actualization, fulfillment of potential, and openness to experience. However, it does not necessarily emphasize human narcissism and altruism.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a basic psychological need, as specified by self-determination theory?
A) Autonomy
B) Certainty
C) Competence
D) Relatedness

Accepted Answer

Self-determination theory's basic psychological needs include autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Certainty is not considered a basic psychological need in this theory.

Question 14

In Tugade and Fredrickson's (2004) study on the role of positive emotions in dealing with stress, which finding suggested that positive emotions canceled out the effects of stress?
A) People who scored high on resilience experienced lesser degrees of cardiovascular activity.
B) People who scored high on resilience and on positive emotions experienced lesser degrees of cardiovascular activity.
C) People who scored low on resilience experienced lesser degrees of cardiovascular activity.
D) People who scored low on resilience and on positive emotions experienced lesser degrees of cardiovascular activity.

Accepted Answer

The finding that suggested that positive emotions canceled out the effects of stress was that people who scored high on resilience and on positive emotions experienced lesser degrees of cardiovascular activity.

Question 15

In a study by Tugade and Fredrickson (2004), it was found that people who experienced _____ emotions during a stressful event experienced ______ stress.
A) Positive; less
B) Fewer; less
C) Positive; more
D) Fewer; more

Accepted Answer

The study found that people who experienced positive emotions during a stressful event experienced less stress.

Question 16

During therapy Mrs. Oak moved toward
A) greater self acceptance.
B) greater self awareness.
C) greater independence.
D) all of the above.

Accepted Answer

The question includes all three options as possible outcomes for Mrs. Oak during therapy. Since all three options are listed and there is no indication that only one outcome was achieved, the best choice is D, all of the above. Mrs. Oak could have moved towards greater self acceptance, self awareness, and independence throughout her therapy.

Question 17

The concept of authenticity is defined in terms of
A) the extent to which a person behaves in accord with the self.
B) consistency of behavior across situations.
C) both a and b.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The concept of authenticity is defined in...

Question 18

The concept of a hierarchy of needs was developed by
A) Goldstein.
B) Maslow.
C) Adler.
D) Frankl.

Accepted Answer

The concept of a hierarchy of needs was developed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation."

Question 19

Cross-cultural research on the self
A) fully supports Rogers' views about self-concept.
B) fully supports Rogers' views about the need for positive regard.
C) calls into questions some of Rogers' ideas about the self.
D) completely disproves Rogers' ideas about the self.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research has found that some aspects of self-concept that Rogers emphasized, such as individuality and self-expression, may not be as important in collectivistic cultures. Additionally, some researchers have questioned the universality of the need for positive regard, suggesting that it may be more culturally specific than Rogers originally proposed. Therefore, while Rogers' ideas about the self have been influential, they are not universally supported by cross-cultural research.

Question 20

Research linking self-esteem to life outcomes indicates that measures of self-esteem often are
A) the strongest predictor of life outcomes.
B) the second strongest predictor of life outcomes, after intelligence.
C) the second strongest predictor of life outcomes, after socioeconomic status.
D) only weakly related to life outcomes.

Accepted Answer

While self-esteem may have some correlation with life outcomes, research has found that it is often only weakly related and other factors such as intelligence and socioeconomic status can have a stronger impact.

Quiz 6: A Phenomenological Theory - Applications and Evaluation of Rogers Theory

Which of the following positive states of consciousness do not characterize what Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi refers to as "flow"?

Which of the following is not one of the personality characteristics emphasized by Maslow in describing self-actualizing individuals?

Of the following arguments, which is least likely to have come from those who identify themselves as positive psychologists?

What goal(s) underlie Seligman and colleagues' development of a classification of human strengths?

Research by Heine et al. demonstrates that

Which of the following concepts is illustrated by the quote, "I became completely 'lost' in what I was doing, unaware of time, other obligations, or other people"?

Maslow characterized actualizing people as being

Which of the following statements is not a characteristic of self actualizing people?

Maslow described the human potential movement in American psychology as

Which of the following is not a condition emphasized by Rogers as crucial to therapeutic movement?

In the case of Mrs. Oak

The Human Potential Movement emphasizes all of the following except

Which of the following is NOT a basic psychological need, as specified by self-determination theory?

In Tugade and Fredrickson's (2004) study on the role of positive emotions in dealing with stress, which finding suggested that positive emotions canceled out the effects of stress?

In a study by Tugade and Fredrickson (2004) , it was found that people who experienced _ emotions during a stressful event experienced __ stress.

During therapy Mrs. Oak moved toward

The concept of authenticity is defined in terms of

The concept of a hierarchy of needs was developed by

Cross-cultural research on the self

Research linking self-esteem to life outcomes indicates that measures of self-esteem often are