Question 1

Work by Caspi, Lynam, Elder, et al. on personality development shows that personality outcomes
A) are genetically determined.
B) reflect social influenced.
C) reflect interactions between personality and social setting.
D) are unpredictable.

Accepted Answer

The work by Caspi, Lynam, Elder, et al. on personality development demonstrates that personality outcomes are influenced by a combination of genetic factors and the social environment. The interaction between an individual's personality and their social setting plays a crucial role in shaping the development of their traits over time.

Question 2

Optimism and defensive pessimism
A) are not personality variables.
B) are global, decontextualized personality variables.
C) are contextualized personality variables.
D) none of the above.

Accepted Answer

Optimism and defensive pessimism are contextualized personality variables as they are dependent on the specific situation and context in which they are exhibited, rather than being consistent across all situations like global, decontextualized personality traits such as extraversion or neuroticism.

Question 3

The overall design and operating characteristics of personality systems are termed, by Cervone,
A) the architecture of personality.
B) knowledge.
C) appraisal. 
D) social cognition.

Accepted Answer

Cervone refers to the overall design and operating characteristics of personality systems as the architecture of personality.

Question 4

Research indicates that older adults show very high levels of
A) anxiety.
B) depression.
C) extraversion.
D) resilience.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that older adults tend to have higher levels of resilience, which is the ability to adapt and cope with adversity, compared to younger individuals. This may be due to the accumulation of life experiences and the development of effective coping strategies over time. While anxiety and depression can also be experienced by older adults, they are not necessarily the norm and do not apply to all individuals in this age group. Extraversion may vary among older adults based on their personality traits and individual preferences.

Question 5

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture is strongly
A) nomothetic.
B) idiographic.
C) physiological.
D) evolutionary.

Accepted Answer

The KAPA model of personality architecture is a nomothetic approach to understanding personality. This means that it focuses on identifying general patterns and traits that are shared across individuals, rather than on individual differences. The model uses a set of broad dimensions that are thought to represent the fundamental aspects of human personality, such as openness, extraversion, and conscientiousness.

Question 6

Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness stresses the importance of
A) evolution.
B) television influences on personality.
C) early-childhood conflicts.
D) sociohistorical context.

Accepted Answer

The research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness emphasizes the significance of sociocultural and historical context. Elder et al. argue that ill-temperedness is not just an individual trait believed to be innate but is a product of the social and historical context people are exposed to.

Question 7

It has been found that, among defensive pessimists
A) expectations for GPA strongly predict actual GPA.
B) academic self-discrepancies negatively influence performance.
C) negativity of plans negatively predict performance.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Accepted Answer

The answer of It has been found that, among defensive...

Question 8

The KAPA model of personality architecture is based on a distinction between
A) procedural and declarative knowledge.
B) Bandura's and Mischel's research contributions.
C) genetics and the environment.
D) knowledge and appraisal.

Accepted Answer

The KAPA model of personality architecture distinguishes between knowledge and appraisal, focusing on how individuals understand and evaluate their experiences.

Question 9

People who employ selection and optimization strategies
A) become confused from all the psychological work involved.
B) are more depressed.
C) subsequently become more depressed.
D) experience greater well-being.

Accepted Answer

People who employ selection and optimization strategies tend to experience greater well-being. This is because they focus on choosing important goals and optimizing their efforts towards achieving these goals, which can lead to a sense of control, purpose, and accomplishment in life. This approach has been associated with greater life satisfaction and lower levels of stress and depression.

Question 10

Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness finds that this personality variable
A) has different effects among women than men.
B) has the same effects among women than men.
C) has no effects among women or men.
D) does not occur in women or men.

Accepted Answer

Ill-temperedness has been found to have different effects among women than men, indicating that gender can influence how personality traits like ill-temper are manifested and perceived.

Question 11

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that
A) personality is not consistent across situations.
B) personality is consistent in the manner trait theory had anticipated.
C) personality consistency is driven by mood states.
D) social-cognitive analyses can illuminate questions of cross-situational consistency.

Accepted Answer

The KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that social-cognitive analyses can illuminate questions of cross-situational consistency. This means that while personality may not be consistent across situations, examining social-cognitive factors can help understand how certain traits or behaviors may manifest differently in different contexts.

Question 12

Research on personality development shows that the effects of impulsivity
A) are basically good.
B) are bad no matter where you live.
C) are worse if you live in high SES neighborhoods.
D) are worse if you live in low SES neighborhoods.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that impulsivity can have more negative effects in low SES neighborhoods, including higher rates of substance abuse, delinquency, and aggressive behavior compared to individuals in high SES neighborhoods. This may be due to factors such as limited access to resources and opportunities, higher exposure to stressors, and less social support.

Question 13

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that people have consistently high self-efficacy appraisal across situations
A) linked to negative self-schemas.
B) linked to positive self-schemas.
C) linked to generic positive traits.
D) linked to generic negative traits.

Accepted Answer

The KAPA model of personality architecture suggests that positive self-schemas are linked with high self-efficacy appraisal across situations. Therefore, consistently high self-efficacy appraisals are linked to positive self-schemas.

Question 14

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture reveals personality

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research based on the KAPA model of...

Question 15

The tendency to display bouts of anger is called
A) neuroticism.
B) agreeableness.
C) ill-temperedness.
D) extraversion.

Accepted Answer

Ill-temperedness refers to the tendency to display fits of anger, which is the specific behavior referred to in the question. Neuroticism refers to a broader tendency to experience negative emotions, while agreeableness refers to a general disposition towards cooperation and getting along with others. Extraversion refers to the degree to which a person is outgoing and socially oriented, and is not directly related to anger expression.

Question 16

To disentangle cause and effect in the study of real-life personality development, it is necessary to engage in __________ research.
A) correlational
B) experimental
C) case study 
D) longitudinal

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal research involves following individuals over time and collecting data at multiple points to examine the patterns of personality changes, thereby allowing researchers to disentangle cause and effect in personality development. Correlational research can show relationships between variables, but it cannot establish causality. Experimental research involves manipulating variables, but it is not always feasible or ethical to manipulate personality traits. Case studies are useful for exploring rare or unique cases but do not allow for generalizability to larger populations.

Question 17

Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness finds that, among men, this personality variable
A) has no effects once one considers SES (socioeconomic status).
B) has life effects as large as the effects of SES (socioeconomic status).
C) explains people's SES (socioeconomic status).
D) has no effect.

Accepted Answer

The research by Elder et al. suggests that among men, ill-temperedness has life effects that are as significant as the effects of SES (socioeconomic status).

Question 18

Baltes' analysis of selection processes has been applied mainly to issues of personality and
A) marketing.
B) older adult development.
C) child development.
D) memory.

Accepted Answer

Baltes' analysis of selection processes has been mainly focused on issues of older adult development, such as how individuals select and optimize their resources to maintain their well-being and achieve their goals as they age. While his theory may have some relevance to other areas like marketing or child development, it is primarily aimed at explaining the changes and adaptations that occur in later life.

Question 19

consistency across
A) idiosyncratic sets of situations.
B) fixed, nomothetically-defined sets of situations.
C) pleasant situations.
D) unpleasant situations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of consistency across
A) idiosyncratic sets of situations.
B) fixed,...

Question 20

Optimists and defensive pessimists differ
A) in their levels of achievement.
B) in their strategies for achievement.
C) in their expectations.
D) b and c

Accepted Answer

Optimists and defensive pessimists both have strategies for achievement, but they differ in their expectations. Optimists tend to have positive expectations, while defensive pessimists tend to have negative expectations. Both optimists and defensive pessimists can achieve high levels of success, but they approach their goals in different ways.

Quiz 14: Personality in Context: Interpersonal Relations, Culture, and Development Across the Course of Life

Work by Caspi, Lynam, Elder, et al. on personality development shows that personality outcomes

Optimism and defensive pessimism

The overall design and operating characteristics of personality systems are termed, by Cervone,

Research indicates that older adults show very high levels of

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture is strongly

Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness stresses the importance of

It has been found that, among defensive pessimists

The KAPA model of personality architecture is based on a distinction between

People who employ selection and optimization strategies

Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness finds that this personality variable

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that

Research on personality development shows that the effects of impulsivity

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that people have consistently high self-efficacy appraisal across situations

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture reveals personality

The tendency to display bouts of anger is called

To disentangle cause and effect in the study of real-life personality development, it is necessary to engage in __________ research.

Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness finds that, among men, this personality variable

Baltes' analysis of selection processes has been applied mainly to issues of personality and

consistency across

Optimists and defensive pessimists differ