Question 1

A patient goes to the emergency department because his arm started to swell up after being stung by a wasp. The exocytosis of histamine from the granules of the cells that possessed IgE receptors was due to the increased intracellular concentration of calcium. The process of calcium release was initiated by a trigger mechanism that depended on the
A) formation of IgE receptors by plasma cells
B) activation of adenylate cyclase
C) secretion of leukotrienes
D) release of preformed mediators
E) decrease in cyclic AMP levels

Accepted Answer

Activation of adenylate cyclase leads to increased intracellular cAMP levels, which in turn activates protein kinase A (PKA). PKA phosphorylates the calcium channels in the plasma membrane, causing them to open and allow calcium ions to enter the cell. This increase in intracellular calcium concentration triggers the exocytosis of histamine from the granules of the cells that possessed IgE receptors.

Question 2

In Fig. Img_014, the large red cell in the middle of the field is responsible for which of the following conditions? 
A) anaphylactic shock
B) osteoblastoma
C) leukemia
D) chondroblastoma
E). fibroma

Accepted Answer

A

Question 3

A patient goes to the emergency department because his arm started to swell up after being stung by a wasp. Which of the following cells synthesized the IgE that occupied the IgE receptors?
A) eosinophils
B) monocytes
C) T lymphocytes
D) plasma cells
E) NK cells

Accepted Answer

Plasma cells are responsible for synthesizing immunoglobulins such as IgE. Upon exposure to an allergen, B cells differentiate into plasma cells which synthesize and secrete large amounts of IgE antibodies. These IgE antibodies occupy the IgE receptors on various cells including mast cells and basophils, which triggers the release of histamine and other chemical mediators responsible for the allergic reaction symptoms.

Question 4

In Fig. Img_015a, a patient enters the emergency department after she fell. The emergency department physician determined that she tore a tissue in her leg. The following photomicrograph shows the torn tissue. Identify the cells whose nuclei are visible in this photomicrograph.
A) fibroblasts 
B) Schwann cells
C) smooth muscle cells
D) mesenchymal cells
E) macrophages

Accepted Answer

Fibroblasts are the most likely cell type to be visible in a photomicrograph of torn tissue due to their role in repairing and producing collagen in connective tissue.

Question 5

A patient goes to the emergency department because his arm started to swell up after being stung by a wasp. In order to eliminate possible bacteria that entered the patient's connective tissue compartment when he was stung by the wasp certain cells were recruited to the site of the lesion. Which of the following are those cells?
A) eosinophils
B) monocytes
C) neutrophils
D) plasma cells
E) NK cells

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils are the first type of white blood cells to be recruited to a site of injury, infection or inflammation. They are important in eliminating bacteria and other pathogens that may have entered the body through a wound or bug bite. Eosinophils are involved in fighting parasitic infections and allergies. Monocytes can become macrophages which are phagocytic and can help remove debris and dead cells. Plasma cells produce antibodies while NK cells are involved in killing cancerous and infected cells.

Question 6

A patient goes to the emergency department because his arm started to swell up after being stung by a wasp. In order to eliminate possible parasites that entered the patient's connective tissue compartment when he was stung by the wasp, certain cells were recruited to the site of the lesion. Which of the following are those cells?
A) eosinophils
B) monocytes
C) T lymphocytes
D) plasma cells
E) NK cells

Accepted Answer

Eosinophils are recruited to the site of allergic reactions, including insect stings. Their role is to eliminate parasites and help modulate the inflammatory response. Monocytes, T lymphocytes, plasma cells, and NK cells may also be involved in the immune response, but they are not specifically recruited to eliminate parasites in this context.

Question 7

A patient goes to the emergency department because his arm started to swell up after being stung by a wasp. Although it did not happen to this patient, in some individuals the smooth muscles of the bronchioles may undergo prolonged contraction resulting in possible respiratory distress. Which of the following pharmacologic agents released by the cells that possess IgE receptors is responsible for contraction of the bronchiolar smooth muscles? A) heparin B) chondroitin sulfate C) aryl sulfatase D) prostaglandin E) thromboxane A₂

Accepted Answer

Prostaglandin is a pharmacologic agent released by the cells that possess IgE receptors and is responsible for contraction of the bronchiolar smooth muscles.

Question 8

In Fig. Img_015, a patient enters the emergency department after she fell. The emergency department physician determined that she tore a tissue in her leg. The following photomicrograph shows the torn tissue. What did this patient tear? 
A) dermis of the skin
B) epidermis of the skin
C) ligamentum nuchae
D) tendon
E) peripheral nerve bundle

Accepted Answer

The photomicrograph shows a torn tendon, which is a type of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

Question 9

In Fig. Img_012, classify the tissue presented in the accompanying photomicrograph. 
A) dense regular collagenous connective tissue
B) dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
C) loose connective tissue
D) dense regular elastic connective tissue
E) mucoid connective tissue

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Fig. Img_012, classify the tissue presented...

Question 10

A patient goes to the emergency department because his arm started to swell up after being stung by a wasp. Prostaglandins released by the cells that possess IgE receptors were
A) synthesized in the cytosol
B) stored in vesicles
C) synthesized from cholesterol
D) synthesized from arachidonic acid precursors
E) modified in the Golgi apparatus

Accepted Answer

Prostaglandins are synthesized from arachidonic acid precursors, which are released from cell membranes in response to various stimuli, including IgE receptor activation.

Question 11

A patient goes to the emergency department because his arm started to swell up after being stung by a wasp. Although it did not happen to this patient, the process whereby a bacterium is recognized by the cell surface receptor and internalized into the cell is referred to as
A) phagocytosis
B) exocytosis
C) pinocytosis
D) clathrin-mediated exocytosis
E) clathrin-mediated endocytosis

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell recognizes and engulfs a bacterium or other particles, internalizing it into the cell.

Question 12

A patient goes to the emergency department because his arm started to swell up after being stung by a wasp. IgE receptors are present on which cells of this patient?
A) eosinophils
B) mast cells
C) T lymphocytes
D) plasma cells
E) NK cells

Accepted Answer

IgE receptors are primarily present on mast cells, which are involved in immediate allergic reactions. Eosinophils and plasma cells may also play a role in allergic reactions, but they do not express IgE receptors. T lymphocytes and NK cells are involved primarily in cellular immunity and do not express IgE receptors.

Quiz 5: Connective Tissue

In Fig. Img_014, the large red cell in the middle of the field is responsible for which of the following conditions?

A patient goes to the emergency department because his arm started to swell up after being stung by a wasp. Which of the following cells synthesized the IgE that occupied the IgE receptors?

In Fig. Img_015a, a patient enters the emergency department after she fell. The emergency department physician determined that she tore a tissue in her leg. The following photomicrograph shows the torn tissue. Identify the cells whose nuclei are visible in this photomicrograph.

In Fig. Img_015, a patient enters the emergency department after she fell. The emergency department physician determined that she tore a tissue in her leg. The following photomicrograph shows the torn tissue. What did this patient tear?

In Fig. Img_012, classify the tissue presented in the accompanying photomicrograph.

A patient goes to the emergency department because his arm started to swell up after being stung by a wasp. Prostaglandins released by the cells that possess IgE receptors were

A patient goes to the emergency department because his arm started to swell up after being stung by a wasp. Although it did not happen to this patient, the process whereby a bacterium is recognized by the cell surface receptor and internalized into the cell is referred to as

A patient goes to the emergency department because his arm started to swell up after being stung by a wasp. IgE receptors are present on which cells of this patient?