Question 1

Which of the following aspects of religion have been used to reinforce heterosexuality as a cultural norm in contemporary societies?

Accepted Answer

References to sacred texts have been used to reinforce heterosexuality as a cultural norm by interpreting passages as condemning homosexuality. Religious beliefs regarding marriage and family have also been used to enforce heterosexuality as the only acceptable form of relationship. Additionally, limits on who can hold positions of religious leadership, such as excluding LGBTQ+ individuals from becoming priests or religious leaders, reinforce heteronormativity in society.

Question 2

In many religious traditions around the world,the inferior status of women compared to men is typically reinforced through

Accepted Answer

The inferior status of women compared to men is typically reinforced through references to sacred texts, like the Bible, official teachings of religion, and day-to-day rituals that are limited only to men in many religious traditions around the world. Therefore, option D - all of the above - is the correct answer.

Question 3

In 2003,the Episcopal Church took which of the following controversial actions?

Accepted Answer

In 2003, the Episcopal Church appointed an openly gay man, Gene Robinson, to be the Bishop of New Hampshire. This action caused controversy within the church and among other Christian denominations. The Episcopal Church had previously allowed women to become priests, and priests were already allowed to marry, so options A and D are incorrect. Option C is also incorrect as the Episcopal Church had officially approved the ordination of women in 1976.

Question 4

Research has shown that women clergy face obstacles to advancing in their careers to high-paying,high prestige positions in congregations.This phenomena has been described as

Accepted Answer

The term "stained-glass ceiling" refers specifically to the barriers that women face in advancing to high-level leadership positions within religious organizations. This term is a play on the "glass ceiling" concept, which describes the invisible barriers that prevent women and people of color from advancing in many industries.

Question 5

In sociological terms,discussing whether people in the premodern world like Socrates or Shakespeare were "gay" is valid because these individuals may have engaged in sex with other men.

Accepted Answer

This statement is not valid in sociological terms because the concept of homosexuality is culturally specific and only emerged in the modern era. To apply this modern label to historical figures from premodern societies would be anachronistic and inappropriate. Additionally, the fact that someone engaged in sex with someone of the same gender does not necessarily mean they identify as gay or homosexual in the modern sense.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT true about men's and women's participation in religion?

Accepted Answer

While it is true that men and women participate equally in some religions, such as Sikhism and Bahá'í Faith, there are other religions where men have more prominent roles, such as in Orthodox Judaism and some forms of Islam. Therefore, option A is not true.

Question 7

Overall among Christian denominations,only liberal Mainline Protestants typically allow women to become ministers,pastors,and priests.

Accepted Answer

Many Christian denominations, including some conservative and evangelical ones, allow women to become ministers, pastors, and priests, not just liberal Mainline Protestants.

Question 8

Chaves (1997)found that denominations with autonomous "women-only" organizations were approximately ________ as likely to ordain women as clergy compared to those that did not have such organizations.

Accepted Answer

Chaves (1997) found that denominations with autonomous "women-only" organizations were approximately two and a half times as likely to ordain women as clergy compared to those that did not have such organizations.

Question 9

Even though there are more women than men who attend religious services,research shows that there is little difference in how often women and men pray.

Accepted Answer

Research generally indicates that women are more likely than men to pray on a daily basis, suggesting a significant difference in the frequency of prayer between genders.

Question 10

Approximately _____ Christian denominations in the United States permit women to become ministers.

Accepted Answer

According to a 2020 survey by the National Congregations Study, approximately 44 Christian denominations in the United States permit women to become ministers.

Question 11

Which of the following is not an example of "questing" strategies for women trying to cope with male-dominated forms of religion?

Accepted Answer

Ordaining women is not a "questing" strategy for coping with male-dominated forms of religion, but rather a strategy for challenging and changing the patriarchal structures within the religion itself. The other options (practices focused on physical and emotional well-being, the use of divination tools, yoga) are all examples of questing strategies that women use to find their own spirituality within male-dominated religions.

Question 12

According to the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life,which religious group has the largest numbers of women who believe in a "personal God"?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the Pew Forum on Religion...

Question 13

________________ is the national group,founded in 1991 by a former coach at the University of Colorado,dedicated to increasing men's religious roles in churches,families,and communities.

Accepted Answer

The national group founded in 1991 by a former coach at the University of Colorado dedicated to increasing men's religious roles in churches, families, and communities is the Promise Keepers.

Question 14

Sociologists of religion that are interested in gender only study how religion shapes the experiences of women.

Accepted Answer

Sociologists of religion that are interested in gender study the ways in which religion shapes the experiences of both men and women.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT true about the main findings on women's experiences as religious leaders?

Accepted Answer

This statement is not true, as there are some women who have achieved high levels of religious leadership, such as becoming bishops or senior pastors. Examples of this include Katharine Jefferts Schori, the first female Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States, and Bishop Elizabeth Eaton, the first female Presiding Bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.

Question 16

In the premodern world,for those people who lacked wealth or political power,sexual behavior was much more tightly controlled than in contemporary society.

Accepted Answer

In premodern times, societal norms and religious beliefs played a significant role in regulating sexual behavior, especially for those who lacked wealth or political power. These norms often dictated strict rules regarding premarital sex, extramarital affairs, and even the display of physical affection. Additionally, women, in particular, faced greater scrutiny and regulation of their sexual behavior in premodern societies. Therefore, option A is correct, as sexual behavior was more tightly controlled in premodern times.

Question 17

The totality of categories that a society constructs around our bodies' sensual feelings,desires,fantasies,behaviors,and emotions is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

The totality of categories that a society constructs around our bodies' sensual feelings, desires, fantasies, behaviors, and emotions is referred to as sexuality. Gender roles refer to the expectations that a society has for how individuals should behave based on their gender. Sexual identity refers to one's own perception or sense of their gender or sexuality. Sexual orientation describes an individual's pattern of sexual desire towards people of the same or different gender. Therefore, D is the best choice as it encompasses all aspects of sexuality.

Question 18

Linda Woodhead (2007)argues that religious organizations like Mothers' Unions,ladies' Bible studies,and prayer fellowships assist in empowering women by allowing them to discuss and debate women's experiences and gender roles in an otherwise male-dominated religious group.She refers to this as a

Accepted Answer

Linda Woodhead describes the empowerment of women through participation in religious organizations like Mothers' Unions as a "tactical strategy." This approach allows women to discuss and debate their experiences and gender roles within a framework that is often male-dominated, thereby providing a means for empowerment and engagement without directly confronting the overarching structure.

Question 19

As a strategy for dealing with the male-dominated aspects of religion,________________ is the term used to describe strategies whereby religious groups and identities affirm gender inequalities and legitimize traditional gender roles.

Accepted Answer

Consolidation is the term used to describe strategies whereby religious groups and identities affirm gender inequalities and legitimize traditional gender roles, often reinforcing the male-dominated aspects of religion.

Question 20

For a religion to be considered "countercultural" according to Woodhead (2007),it is likely to do all of the following except

Accepted Answer

The other options all suggest ways in which a countercultural religion might challenge mainstream ideas and practices. Encouraging members to wear extreme clothing is not necessarily a sign of counterculturality; some mainstream religions also have distinctive forms of dress.

Quiz 9: Adam,eve,and Steve