Joan Was Physically Abused by Her Mother Throughout Childhood

Joan was physically abused by her mother throughout childhood. Later she marries and has a beautiful but somewhat temperamental little boy. Odds are that she will break the cycle of abuse and not abuse her son if

A) she has received strong emotional support from a nonabusive adult during her childhood
B) she has a nonabusive and satisfying relationship with her spouse
C) she has received supportive therapy at some point in her life
D) she has received strong emotional support from a nonabusive adult during her childhood and she has a nonabusive and satisfying relationship with her spouse
E) any of the above may be sufficient to prevent Joan from perpetuating the cycle of abuse