Progression from Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning (stages 1 and 2) to Kohlberg's conventional morality (stages 3 and 4) requires

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Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning is based on obedience and punishment (Stage 1) and self-interest (Stage 2). To progress to the conventional morality stage, individuals need to develop skills in reciprocal role-taking and understand social norms and expectations. Exposure to conventional moral reasoning in one's environment, such as observing others following rules and behaving morally, can also contribute to this progression. However, formal operations (abstract reasoning) are not necessary for this progression. Therefore, the best choice is D, which states that both reciprocal role-taking skills and exposure to conventional moral reasoning are necessary.

Progression from Kohlberg's Preconventional Level of Moral Reasoning (Stages 1