The "Diffusion Effect" Seen in Some Two-Generation Compensatory Education Programs

The "diffusion effect" seen in some two-generation compensatory education programs refers to the finding that

A) child graduates of these early interventions have a greater sense of direction as adolescents and are less identity diffuse
B) improvements in parenting positively affect children participating in compensatory education and the family's later children as well
C) early gains in children's academic performance tend to fade over time
D) treating disadvantaged parents helps them to obtain employment and to become less identity diffuse