Question 1

According to Rogers,a person whose real self and ideal self are close has a better chance of reaching self-actualization.

Accepted Answer

According to Rogers' theory of self-actualization, a person whose real self and ideal self are congruent (or close) has a greater chance of achieving self-actualization. This is because the person is more accepting of themselves and can live in a way that is true to their values, goals, and aspirations. In contrast, if a person's ideal self is very different from their real self, they may feel a great deal of anxiety or conflict, which can inhibit their growth and development.

Question 2

While taking the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory,Vince notices that it contains certain questions that are asked several times in different ways.He asks his daughter,who is a graduate student in psychology,why that is.What is his daughter likely to say?

Accepted Answer

The MMPI contains certain questions that are asked repeatedly in different ways to detect if the test taker is trying to "fake" the test by not reading or paying attention. This is a common practice in psychological testing to ensure the validity of the results.

Question 3

Self-efficacy refers to the ability of a person to give unconditional positive regard.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to a person's belief in their own ability to succeed in a task or situation, not their ability to give unconditional positive regard.

Question 4

As part of an application for a job,Dan is asked to complete some psychological tests,including one in which he responds "true" or "false" to items such as "I feel sad most of the time," or "I had a good childhood." What type of psychological test is Dan taking?

Accepted Answer

The fact that Dan is responding "true" or "false" to specific items indicates that he is taking an inventory test. Inventory tests are usually self-report questionnaires that ask specific questions and are designed to measure certain characteristics or traits, such as depression or self-esteem.

Question 5

The id operates according to the reality principle.

Accepted Answer

The id operates according to the pleasure principle, not the reality principle.

Question 6

Someone interested in an inventory that might be helpful for making a career choice should try _______.

Accepted Answer

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is specifically designed to help individuals understand their personality type, preferences, and how they interact with others. This knowledge can be helpful in making career choices that align with one's strengths and interests. The TAT and Rorschach tests are projective tests primarily used to assess an individual's unconscious thoughts, feelings, and desires, and may not be directly applicable to career choices. The MMPI is a diagnostic tool used to assess psychiatric disorders and is not designed for career guidance.

Question 7

According to Freud,girls have to go through the Oedipus complex,but boys don't.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, both boys and girls go through the Oedipus complex, which involves a child's unconscious desire for their opposite-sex parent and feelings of competition with their same-sex parent. However, Freud believed that the complex plays out differently for each gender, with girls experiencing "penis envy" and boys experiencing castration anxiety.

Question 8

Karen Horney viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the basic anxiety all people share.

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney believed that personality disturbances stemmed from basic anxiety, a core feeling of helplessness and insecurity that arises from early experiences of rejection or neglect by parents or caregivers.

Question 9

According to Freud,the stage in which children develop a marked attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and become jealous of the same-sex parent is the phallic stage.

Accepted Answer

This is accurate according to Freud's psychosexual development theory, in which the phallic stage occurs from ages 3-6 and involves the Oedipus or Electra complex, where children develop unconscious sexual desires for the opposite-sex parent and view the same-sex parent as a rival.

Question 10

Freud's psychodynamic theory has been completely disregarded since the advent of new technology that has allowed us to understand the brain differently.

Accepted Answer

While Freud's theory has been critiqued and modified, it has not been completely disregarded. Additionally, new technology has not invalidated psychodynamic theory but has rather provided additional insights into the working of the brain that can be integrated into psychodynamic theory.

Question 11

The main advantage of personality inventories over projective tests and interviews is _____________.

Accepted Answer

Personality inventories are standardized, meaning that they have consistent instructions, scoring, and interpretation. This allows for more objective and reliable results compared to projective tests and interviews, which can vary based on the examiner's interpretation and subjectivity.

Question 12

As part of the initial screening for possible employment,a nuclear power company administers a psychological test that yields scores on tendencies toward depression and schizophrenia.What is the name of this psychological test?

Accepted Answer

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a psychological test commonly used by employers, including nuclear power companies, for employment screening. It measures various aspects of an individual's personality and psychological health, including tendencies toward depression and schizophrenia.

Question 13

Jung's collective unconscious and Freud's unconscious are very similar.

Accepted Answer

Jung's collective unconscious refers to structures of the unconscious mind which are shared among beings of the same species, containing archetypes and inherited potentials, whereas Freud's concept of the unconscious is more focused on repressed thoughts and individual experiences.

Question 14

The most commonly used personality inventory is the _____________.

Accepted Answer

The MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2) is the most widely used personality inventory in clinical and research settings. It contains 567 items that assess a wide range of personality traits and psychopathology.

Question 15

Steve is extremely uptight and compulsively neat and orderly.According to Freudian theory,he became fixated at the oral stage of psychosexual development.

Accepted Answer

According to Freudian theory, being fixated at the anal stage of psychosexual development can lead to an overly neat and orderly personality, not the oral stage.

Question 16

Albert Bandura called the relationship of the three factors that influence personality psychic determinism.

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura did not specifically use the term "psychic determinism" to describe the relationship of the factors that influence personality. This term is more closely associated with Sigmund Freud's theory of personality. Bandura's theory emphasizes the interplay between environmental, personal, and behavioral factors in shaping personality.

Question 17

Sigmund Freud proposed that his patients' disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to sex.

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud was known for his theory of psychoanalysis, and he believed that many psychological disorders and conflicts were the result of repressed sexual desires or traumas related to sexuality. However, this theory has been heavily criticized and challenged by many psychologists and psychiatrists in the modern era.

Question 18

Freud's theories about how early childhood experiences impact later life personality came from his direct observation of children in his clinical practice.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Freud's theories about how early childhood experiences...

Question 19

What is one purpose of the validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

Accepted Answer

The validity scales of the MMPI are designed to detect when a test-taker is trying to present themselves in a favorable light, which is known as social desirability bias. This ensures that the results are accurate and reliable by detecting any attempts to manipulate the results.

Question 20

According to Rogers,one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be is called the real self.

Accepted Answer

According to Rogers, one's perception of whom one actually is at the present moment is called the real self, not the perception of whom one should be or would like to be.

Quiz 13: Psychological Therapies