Question 1

Brad is 18 and is looking into career options.He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver.Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development?
A)integrity versus despair
B)intimacy versus isolation
C)generativity versus stagnation
D)identity versus role confusion

Accepted Answer

Brad is at the stage of identity versus role confusion, which occurs during adolescence. During this stage, individuals begin to explore their sense of self and consider different career options, as Brad is doing. The other options listed (integrity versus despair, intimacy versus isolation, and generativity versus stagnation) are stages that occur later in adulthood.

Question 2

What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg?
A)preconventional,conventional,postconventional
B)preoperational,postoperational,world view
C)preconventional,postconventional,conventional
D)concrete operational,formal operational,autonomous

Accepted Answer

Lawrence Kohlberg identified three levels of moral development: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. The preconventional level is marked by self-interest and obedience to avoid punishment. The conventional level is marked by conformity to social norms and laws. The postconventional level is marked by a commitment to justice and abstract principles that may transcend particular laws. The sequence is preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.

Question 3

Most young adolescents,especially those who receive a formal high school education,are at the level of thinking that Piaget described as _______.
A)formal operations
B)preoperational
C)preconventional
D)identity versus role confusion

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of cognitive development identifies the formal operational stage as the stage that begins at around age 12 and lasts throughout adulthood. During this stage, individuals are able to think abstractly and hypothetically, and can reason logically about abstract concepts such as justice and freedom. This stage is associated with the beginning of formal high school education, so most young adolescents at this stage are likely to possess formal operational thinking skills. Therefore, option A) formal operations is the best answer.

Question 4

According to Kohlberg,most adolescents are at the _______ level of morality.
A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)preliminary

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the conventional level of morality is most common among adolescents. This stage involves a focus on conforming to social norms and values, and good behavior is often defined by maintaining positive relationships and upholding social rules and laws. Adolescents in this stage seek approval from society and authorities and are concerned with fitting in and being accepted.

Question 5

According to Gilligan,Kohlberg's theory of moral development:
A)should only be applied to males.
B)explains moral reasoning in multiple cultures.
C)should be extended to males.
D)is a comprehensive theory without missing components.

Accepted Answer

Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's theory of moral development was based primarily on male subjects and thus reflected a male perspective on morality, suggesting it should be more inclusive or specifically applied to males.

Question 6

Brad is in an electronics store with his parents.He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat.As he considers this possibility,he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him.What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent?
A)preoperational
B)preconventional
C)autonomous moral principles
D)conventional role conformity

Accepted Answer

Brad's decision is based on the potential for personal punishment, which aligns with the preconventional level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development. This level is characterized by an individual's response to moral dilemmas being driven by self-interest and the desire to avoid punishment.

Question 7

Simone's family does not have a lot of money.Simone's mom buys her clothing from the local super store.Simone believes that other students notice that she doesn't wear brand name clothes.This is an example of _______.
A)underestimation
B)personal fable
C)self-serving bias
D)imaginary audience

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of the imaginary audience, which is the belief that one is constantly being watched and judged by others. Simone believes that other students are noticing and judging her for not wearing brand name clothing. This is a common belief among adolescents and is a part of their normal developmental process.

Question 8

At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms?
A)preoperational
B)preconventional
C)postconventional
D)conventional role conformity

Accepted Answer

Postconventional morality is characterized by the individual's ability to think beyond societal norms and laws and develop their own ethical principles. They are willing to come into conflict with authority if they believe they are acting in accordance with these principles. This is the highest level of moral development according to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory.

Question 9

Fifteen-year-old Todd is writing an impassioned novel about growing up in America.In his novel,he describes his experiences in a way that portrays them as unique,such that no one has ever thought such deep thoughts or experienced such ecstasy before.Todd's writings most clearly reflect _______.
A)his sense of autonomy
B)the personal fable
C)the period of rebellion common to all adolescents
D)his developing sense of conscience

Accepted Answer

Todd's writing reflects the personal fable, a common cognitive distortion in adolescence where individuals believe they are unique and invincible. This is evident in Todd's belief that his experiences and thoughts are unlike anything anyone else has ever had.

Question 10

Saul believes in the Golden Rule and desperately wants people to view him as a good person.Most likely,he is in which level of moral development?
A)convergent
B)postconventional
C)conventional
D)preconventional

Accepted Answer

Saul's desire to be viewed as a good person and adherence to the Golden Rule suggest he is in the conventional level of moral development. At this stage, individuals are concerned with conforming to societal norms and expectations, and their behavior is often guided by the desire to be seen as good by others.

Question 11

Edmund is a Boy Scout.While on a camping trip,the scout leader tells the boys to stay away from the lake.Some of the scouts ignore the leader and go fishing by the lake anyway.Edmund wants to do what the leader tells him and believes that good behaviors are rewarded while bad behaviors are punished.Which level of moral reasoning is he in?
A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)convenient

Accepted Answer

The answer of Edmund is a Boy Scout.While on a...

Question 12

Abe just got his driver's license.He loves to speed around town going more than 20 miles per hour above the speed limit.He believes that he can speed through red lights due to his perfect timing.This is an example of _______.
A)underestimation
B)personal fable
C)self-serving bias
D)imaginary audience

Accepted Answer

Abe's belief that he can speed through red lights due to his perfect timing is an example of personal fable, which is the belief that one is unique and invulnerable to harm.

Question 13

The tendency of teenagers to feel that they are always "on stage" and that they are the center of everyone else's world,just as they are the center of their own,is a phenomenon known as _______.
A)formal operations
B)the imaginary audience
C)the personal fable
D)puberty

Accepted Answer

According to developmental psychologist David Elkind, the tendency of teenagers to feel like they are always being watched and judged by others is known as the imaginary audience. This belief can contribute to feelings of self-consciousness, embarrassment, and the desire to fit in with peers. Choice A, formal operations, refers to Piaget's theory of cognitive development and describes the ability to think abstractly and logically. Choice C, the personal fable, is the belief that one is unique and invincible, which can lead to risk-taking behaviors. Choice D refers to the physical changes associated with adolescence.

Question 14

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience,Liz follows her conscience despite the personal risk.This would be characteristic of _______.
A)conventional morality
B)preconventional morality
C)postconventional morality
D)unconventional morality

Accepted Answer

Postconventional morality is characterized by individuals following their own conscience and ethical principles instead of blindly following laws or rules. This stage is often associated with individuals who have a strong sense of justice and individual rights, and are willing to take personal risks to uphold these values.

Question 15

Mary is an adolescent who currently has a small pimple on her cheek that is causing her to be overly self-conscious.She is convinced that everyone she meets stares at and talks about her pimple.Mary's behavior exhibits _______.
A)a sense of idealism
B)imaginary audience
C)personal fable
D)puberty

Accepted Answer

Mary's behavior exhibits imaginary audience, which is the belief held by adolescents that everyone is constantly watching and judging their behavior and appearance. This belief can lead to self-consciousness, as seen in Mary's case, and can make adolescents feel like they are always "on stage."

Question 16

The reckless risk taking found among many adolescents is most likely due to the effects of _______.
A)their sense of autonomy
B)the personal fable
C)the period of rebellion common to all adolescents
D)their developing sense of conscience

Accepted Answer

The personal fable is a cognitive distortion that leads adolescents to believe they are invincible and untouchable, which can result in reckless risk-taking behavior. It is not due to a sense of autonomy, the period of rebellion common to all adolescents, or their developing sense of conscience.

Question 17

Jeremy is 17 years old.According to Erikson,his chief task will be acquiring a sense of _______.
A)identity
B)intimacy
C)generativity
D)autonomy

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the chief task of adolescence is to develop a sense of identity, which involves exploring and establishing a sense of self and figuring out one's place in the world.

Question 18

The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to _______.
A)extroverted behavior
B)a lessening of self-analysis compared to preoperational thought
C)introspection and egocentrism
D)thinking in more concrete terms

Accepted Answer

The development of formal operations in adolescence is characterized by introspection and egocentrism, where individuals tend to focus on their own thoughts and experiences. This is because they are able to think abstractly and hypothetically, which allows them to consider different possibilities and perspectives. This does not necessarily lead to extroverted behavior, a lessening of self-analysis compared to preoperational thought, or thinking in more concrete terms.

Question 19

Last night,Allie's mom gave her a haircut.As she walked into her high school,she felt like everyone could tell that her bangs were a little uneven.This example illustrates the belief of a(n)_______.
A)underestimation
B)personal fable
C)self-serving bias
D)imaginary audience

Accepted Answer

This example illustrates the belief of an imaginary audience, where Allie believes that everyone is paying attention to and noticing her uneven bangs, even though they may not be.

Question 20

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of _______.
A)conventional morality
B)preconventional morality
C)principled morality
D)postconventional morality

Accepted Answer

The fear of punishment is a typical characteristic of preconventional morality, which is the first stage of Kohlberg's stages of moral development. In this stage, individuals make decisions based on self-interest and avoid punishment.

Quiz 8: Development Across the Life Span

Brad is 18 and is looking into career options.He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver.Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development?

What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg?

Most young adolescents,especially those who receive a formal high school education,are at the level of thinking that Piaget described as _______.

According to Kohlberg,most adolescents are at the _______ level of morality.

According to Gilligan,Kohlberg's theory of moral development:

Simone's family does not have a lot of money.Simone's mom buys her clothing from the local super store.Simone believes that other students notice that she doesn't wear brand name clothes.This is an example of _______.

At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms?

Fifteen-year-old Todd is writing an impassioned novel about growing up in America.In his novel,he describes his experiences in a way that portrays them as unique,such that no one has ever thought such deep thoughts or experienced such ecstasy before.Todd's writings most clearly reflect _______.

Saul believes in the Golden Rule and desperately wants people to view him as a good person.Most likely,he is in which level of moral development?

Abe just got his driver's license.He loves to speed around town going more than 20 miles per hour above the speed limit.He believes that he can speed through red lights due to his perfect timing.This is an example of _______.

The tendency of teenagers to feel that they are always "on stage" and that they are the center of everyone else's world,just as they are the center of their own,is a phenomenon known as _______.

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience,Liz follows her conscience despite the personal risk.This would be characteristic of _______.

Mary is an adolescent who currently has a small pimple on her cheek that is causing her to be overly self-conscious.She is convinced that everyone she meets stares at and talks about her pimple.Mary's behavior exhibits _______.

The reckless risk taking found among many adolescents is most likely due to the effects of _______.

Jeremy is 17 years old.According to Erikson,his chief task will be acquiring a sense of _______.

The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to _______.

Last night,Allie's mom gave her a haircut.As she walked into her high school,she felt like everyone could tell that her bangs were a little uneven.This example illustrates the belief of a(n) _______.

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of _______.