Question 1

When given a list of items to remember,people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list.This is known as the _________.
A)phi phenomenon
B)recency effect
C)chunking effect
D)primacy effect

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect is the tendency for people to better recall the first few items on a list, while the recency effect is the tendency to better recall the last few items. The phi phenomenon is an illusion of movement often seen in flashing lights, and the chunking effect is the improvement in memory recall that can occur when smaller bits of information are grouped together.

Question 2

According to primacy and recency effects,when reading the chapters of the textbook,you are most likely to forget _________.
A)the information you first read
B)the information you most recently read
C)the information in the middle of the chapter
D)the information from the summary

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect suggests people are likely to remember information at the beginning of a list (or chapter), and the recency effect suggests they are also likely to remember information at the end. Therefore, information in the middle is most likely to be forgotten.

Question 3

Flashbulb memories _________.
A)are not subject to periodic revision
B)usually concern events that are emotionally charged
C)are almost always highly accurate
D)usually concern events from early childhood

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories typically concern events that are emotionally charged, such as national tragedies or personal traumatic events. While they may feel vivid and unforgettable, they are not necessarily more accurate than other memories, and can be subject to occasional revisions over time. The accuracy of flashbulb memories is still a subject of debate among psychologists. Option A is not accurate as flashbulb memories are subject to changes over time. Option C is also not accurate as flashbulb memories can be inaccurate or incomplete. Option D is not accurate as flashbulb memories typically concern events that occur during adolescence or adulthood.

Question 4

The case of Father Bernard Pagano,who was identified by seven eyewitnesses as a criminal,was an instance of a _________.
A)tip-of-the-tongue effect
B)retrieval failure
C)primacy effect
D)false positive

Accepted Answer

Father Bernard Pagano's identification by seven eyewitnesses as a criminal is an example of a false positive. A false positive occurs when a person is identified as guilty even though they are innocent. In this case, the eyewitnesses were wrong in identifying Father Bernard Pagano as the criminal.

Question 5

The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been _________.
A)Broadbent
B)Sperling
C)Loftus
D)Treisman

Accepted Answer

Elizabeth Loftus is widely considered the most influential researcher in the field of eyewitness memory. She has conducted extensive research on the malleability of memory and how it can be influenced by factors such as suggestion, leading questions, and exposure to misleading information. Her research has had significant implications for the criminal justice system and the use of eyewitness testimony in court.

Question 6

A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime.Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully?
A)Yes,because seeing is believing.
B)No,because eyewitnesses are not usually honest.
C)Yes,because eyewitnesses are very confident about their testimony.
D)No,because there is a great possibility of a "false positive" identification.

Accepted Answer

Just because a witness testifies confidently does not necessarily mean that their testimony is valid. False identifications, mistaken identities, and memory distortion are all common phenomena that can occur. As such, it is important to remain skeptical and consider all evidence before reaching a conclusion based solely on the testimony of an eyewitness.

Question 7

Studies have found that the best way to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue effect is to _________.
A)try even harder to remember the items
B)take a nap
C)forget about it and let the item just come to you
D)None of these will work.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that actively trying to remember the item can actually make it more difficult to retrieve from memory. Taking a break and allowing the item to naturally come to mind has been found to be the most effective way to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue effect.

Question 8

False positives occur when a person incorrectly "matches" a stimulus that is merely similar to a real memory to that memory.One major problem with eyewitness testimony is that _________.
A)extinction of auditory memories causes the witness to forget what was said
B)witnesses are prone to habituate to the courtroom and forget what happened
C)false positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate
D)None of these are true.

Accepted Answer

False positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate, as individuals may incorrectly identify a familiar-looking but ultimately innocent person or object as the culprit. This can lead to wrongful convictions and other legal injustices. The other answer choices do not accurately describe a major problem with eyewitness testimony.

Question 9

Adrianna is trying to memorize the names of the bones in the hand.She had gone through a list of them when her phone rang.After she gets off the phone,she is MOST likely to remember the first few bone names because of the _________.
A)elaboration effect
B)recency effect
C)primacy effect
D)maintenance effect

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect refers to the tendency to remember the first items in a list better than those in the middle or at the end, as they are more likely to be transferred to long-term memory.

Question 10

When given a list of items to remember,you are more likely to remember _________.
A)the items in the beginning better than those in the middle or at the end
B)the items in the middle more than those at the beginning or at the end
C)the items at the end more than those in the middle or at the beginning of the list
D)the items at the beginning and at the end more than those in the middle of the list

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as the "serial position effect" which states that people tend to remember the first few items (primacy effect) and the last few items (recency effect) more than those in the middle of the list. This is because the first items get rehearsed and stored in long-term memory and the last items are still in short-term memory when recalling the list. Therefore, the best choice is D, as it includes both primacy and recency effects.

Question 11

Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone.The other five items in between are gone.This is an example of the _________.
A)encoding specificity effect
B)serial position effect
C)TOT effect
D)reintegrative effect

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect suggests that people tend to remember the first and last items on a list more easily than the items in the middle, which is what happened to Moishe in this scenario. The encoding specificity effect refers to the idea that memory is affected by the context in which information is learned or retrieved, the TOT effect refers to the experience of knowing that you know something but being unable to access it, and the reintegrative effect is not a recognized psychological concept.

Question 12

In one study,over 2,500 photographs were shown to participants,one every 10 seconds.Participants were then shown pairs of photographs in which one member of each pair was one of the previously seen photographs.Accuracy for identifying the previously seen photos was _________.
A)10 to 20 percent
B)50 to 60 percent
C)70 to 80 percent
D)85 to 95 percent

Accepted Answer

The study showed a high level of recognition accuracy, with the range of 85 to 95 percent, indicating a strong memory for the previously seen photographs.

Question 13

The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the _________.
A)phi phenomenon
B)implicit memory effect
C)serial position effect
D)sequestering effect

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect refers to the phenomenon where items that are presented at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list are more easily remembered than items in the middle. This effect has been demonstrated in many studies and is thought to be due to the way in which we encode and retrieve information from memory. The phi phenomenon refers to the illusion of motion caused by the rapid flashing of lights, the implicit memory effect refers to the unconscious influence of prior experience on current behavior, and the sequestering effect is not a recognized psychological term.

Question 14

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called _________.
A)eidetic images
B)elaborative rehearsals
C)flashbulb memories
D)eyewitness images

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshots' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential(dramatic, tragic, humorous) news was heard.

Question 15

When the sound of the word is the aspect that cannot be retrieved,leaving only the feeling of knowing the word without the ability to pronounce it,this is known as _________.
A)encoding failure
B)extinction of acoustic storage
C)auditory decay
D)the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Accepted Answer

The given situation is referring to the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, where a person has the knowledge of a word but cannot retrieve its complete form, especially its pronunciation. Encoding failure occurs when a memory is not formed to begin with, auditory decay refers to the fading away of auditory memories over time, and extinction of acoustic storage is a process where auditory memory is weakened by interference or disuse.

Question 16

Under most circumstances,when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information,_________ is an easier task than _________.
A)recognition;recall
B)recall;recognition
C)priming;the savings method
D)the savings method;priming

Accepted Answer

Recognition involves identifying the correct answer among a set of options, while recall requires retrieving the information from memory without any cues or prompts. In most cases, recognizing the correct answer is easier than recalling it from memory.

Question 17

Which of the following is most likely to be memorable for most people?
A)a photograph of a dead soldier
B)a photograph of a bird
C)a photograph of the earth from space
D)a random photograph

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is most likely...

Question 18

Many middle-aged adults can vividly recall where they were and what they were doing the day that John F.Kennedy was assassinated,although they cannot remember what they were doing the day before he was assassinated.This is an example of _________.
A)an eidetic image
B)a flashbulb memory
C)a semantic memory
D)a procedural memory

Accepted Answer

This scenario fits the definition of a flashbulb memory, which is a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential news was heard. The assassination of John F. Kennedy was a shocking and emotionally charged event that likely created a strong and lasting memory for those who lived through it.

Question 19

Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone.The other five items in between are gone.His memory of things at the end of the list demonstrates the __________.
A)encoding specificity effect
B)primacy effect
C)recency effect
D)TOT effect

Accepted Answer

The recency effect refers to the tendency to remember the most recent items in a sequence, which Moishe demonstrates by remembering the last two items on the list. The encoding specificity effect refers to the principle that memory is best retrieved when the cues present at encoding match the cues present at retrieval, and is not relevant to Moishe's situation. The primacy effect refers to the tendency to remember the first few items in a sequence, which does not apply to Moishe since he only remembers the first two items. The TOT (tip-of-the-tongue) effect refers to the experience of being unable to recall a word but having a sense of knowing that it is "on the tip of the tongue," and is not relevant to Moishe's situation.

Question 20

When given a list of items to remember,people tend to do better at recalling the last items on the list.This is known as the _________.
A)phi phenomenon
B)chunking effect
C)recency effect
D)primacy effect

Accepted Answer

The recency effect is the tendency for people to remember the last items on a list more easily than those in the middle. This is because these items are still fresh in the person's memory and have not been displaced by newer information, as opposed to the primacy effect where people tend to remember the first items on the list.

Quiz 6: Memory

When given a list of items to remember,people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list.This is known as the _________.

According to primacy and recency effects,when reading the chapters of the textbook,you are most likely to forget _________.

Flashbulb memories _________.

The case of Father Bernard Pagano,who was identified by seven eyewitnesses as a criminal,was an instance of a _________.

The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been _________.

A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime.Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully?

Studies have found that the best way to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue effect is to _________.

False positives occur when a person incorrectly "matches" a stimulus that is merely similar to a real memory to that memory.One major problem with eyewitness testimony is that _________.

Adrianna is trying to memorize the names of the bones in the hand.She had gone through a list of them when her phone rang.After she gets off the phone,she is MOST likely to remember the first few bone names because of the _________.

When given a list of items to remember,you are more likely to remember _________.

Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone.The other five items in between are gone.This is an example of the _________.

In one study,over 2,500 photographs were shown to participants,one every 10 seconds.Participants were then shown pairs of photographs in which one member of each pair was one of the previously seen photographs.Accuracy for identifying the previously seen photos was _________.

The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the _________.

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called _________.

When the sound of the word is the aspect that cannot be retrieved,leaving only the feeling of knowing the word without the ability to pronounce it,this is known as _________.

Under most circumstances,when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information,_ is an easier task than _.

Which of the following is most likely to be memorable for most people?

Many middle-aged adults can vividly recall where they were and what they were doing the day that John F.Kennedy was assassinated,although they cannot remember what they were doing the day before he was assassinated.This is an example of _________.

Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone.The other five items in between are gone.His memory of things at the end of the list demonstrates the __________.

When given a list of items to remember,people tend to do better at recalling the last items on the list.This is known as the _________.