Question 1

In many countries,the marketing,economic,structural,information,and technological environments are not developed to the extent that they are in the United States.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Many developing countries have less developed marketing strategies, economic systems, infrastructure, information sharing, and technological advancements compared to the United States.

Question 2

Which experimental design means that two groups of test units were randomly assigned to two different treatment groups at the same time,and the dependent variable was measured in the two groups simultaneously?
A) X O1 O2
X O1 O2
B) R X1 O1
O2 X2 O2
C) R X1 O1
R X1 O1
D) R X1 O1
R X2 O2

Accepted Answer

In design D, "R" indicates random assignment, and "X1" and "X2" represent different treatments applied to two groups. "O1" and "O2" are the observations or measurements of the dependent variable taken simultaneously after the treatments.

Question 3

The conditions that must be satisfied before making causal inferences include all of the following except ________.
A) concomitant variation
B) time order of occurrence of variables
C) role of evidence
D) elimination of other possible factors

Accepted Answer

The other three conditions (concomitant variation, time order, and elimination of other factors) are necessary for making causal inferences. The role of evidence is not a specific condition, but rather a general consideration in ensuring that the evidence supports the causal inference.

Question 4

When considering ________,accumulated evidence from several investigations increases our confidence that a causal relationship exists.
A) concomitant variation
B) the time order of occurrence of variables
C) the role of evidence
D) the elimination of other possible factors

Accepted Answer

Accumulated evidence from several investigations supports the role of evidence in establishing a causal relationship by providing consistent findings across different studies.

Question 5

Experimentation is becoming increasingly important in marketing research,but there are limitations of time,cost,and administration of an experiment.

Accepted Answer

Experimentation can be time-consuming, costly, and requires careful administration, which are all limitations that need to be considered while conducting the research.

Question 6

Using the set of symbols commonly used in marketing research to denote experimental designs,which symbol below represents the process of observation or measurement of the dependent variable on the test units or group of units?
A) T
B) X
C) R
D) O

Accepted Answer

The symbol "O" represents the observation or measurement of the dependent variable on the test units or group of units.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is not true concerning the time order of occurrence of variables?
A) It is possible for each event in a relationship to be both a cause and an effect of the other event.
B) An effect cannot be produced by an event that occurs after the effect has taken place.
C) The causing event must occur either before or simultaneously with the effect;it cannot occur afterwards.
D) In an after-the-fact examination of the situation,we can never confidently rule out all other causal factors.

Accepted Answer

In an after-the-fact examination, it is often difficult to confidently rule out all other causal factors, but it is not impossible.

Question 8

________ means that the factor or variable being investigated should be the only possible causal explanation.
A) The absence of other possible causal factors
B) The time order of occurrence of variables
C) Concomitant variation
D) The role of evidence

Accepted Answer

The absence of other possible causal factors means that the factor being investigated is the only possible explanation for the observed outcome. This is an important criterion to establish causality, as it rules out alternative explanations or confounding factors that may have influenced the results.

Question 9

________ is the extent to which a cause,X,and an effect,Y,occur together or vary together in the way predicted by the hypothesis under consideration.
A) The elimination of other possible factors
B) The role of evidence
C) Concomitant variation
D) The time order of occurrence of variables

Accepted Answer

Concomitant variation refers to the extent to which a cause and an effect occur together or vary together in the way predicted by the hypothesis. It is a key criterion for establishing causality in research studies. The other options listed (elimination of other possible factors, role of evidence, time order of occurrence) are important considerations in establishing causality, but they do not specifically address the concept of concomitant variation.

Question 10

The scientific concept of causality is complex."Causality" means something very different to the average person on the street than to a scientist.If the ordinary meaning of a statement is "X is the only cause of Y," its related scientific meaning is: ________.
A) X is only one of a number of possible causes of Y
B) we can never prove that X is a cause of Y.At best,we can infer that X is a cause of Y
C) the occurrence of X makes the occurrence of Y
D) None of the above is correct.

Accepted Answer

In scientific terms, causality often implies that X is one of many potential causes of Y, rather than the sole cause.

Question 11

In the New York coupon experiment mentioned in your text,the experiment was conducted to test the effects of the face value of coupons on the likelihood of coupon redemption.Subjects were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups.One group was offered 15-cent coupons and the other 50-cent coupons for four products.During the interviews,the respondents answered questions about which brands they used and how likely they were to cash coupons of the given face value the next time they shopped.In the preceding experiment,the dependent variable that was ________.
A) brand usage
B) the likelihood of cashing the coupon
C) individual shoppers
D) the value of the coupon (15-cent versus 50-cent coupon)

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable that was being tested in the experiment was the likelihood of cashing the coupon, as the experiment aimed to determine how the face value of coupons affected the probability of redemption. The other options listed (brand usage, individual shoppers, and the value of the coupon) were either not dependent variables or were controlled variables in the study.

Question 12

In the New York coupon experiment mentioned in your text,the experiment was conducted to test the effects of the face value of coupons on the likelihood of coupon redemption.Subjects were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups.One group was offered 15-cent coupons and the other 50-cent coupons for four products.During the interviews,the respondents answered questions about which brands they used and how likely they were to cash coupons of the given face value the next time they shopped.In the preceding experiment,the test units were ________.
A) the value of the coupon (15-cent versus 50-cent coupon)
B) the likelihood of cashing the coupon
C) brand usage
D) individual shoppers

Accepted Answer

In the New York coupon experiment, the test units were individual shoppers. They were randomly assigned to either the group offered 15-cent coupons or the group offered 50-cent coupons. The experiment was conducted to test the effects of coupon face value on the likelihood of coupon redemption, and the respondents were asked about their brand usage and the likelihood of cashing coupons of the given face value. Therefore, the individual shoppers were the test units in this experiment.

Question 13

The internal and external validity of field experiments conducted overseas is generally lower than in the United States.

Accepted Answer

Conducting field experiments overseas can introduce additional variables and cultural differences that may impact the internal and external validity of the study. It can be more challenging to control for these factors compared to conducting a study within the United States, resulting in lower validity.

Question 14

Using the set of symbols commonly used in marketing research to denote experimental designs,which symbol below represents the exposure of a group to an independent variable,treatment,or event the effects of which are to be determined?
A) O
B) X
C) R
D) T

Accepted Answer

The symbol "X" is used to denote the exposure of a group to an independent variable, treatment, or event the effects of which are to be determined in experimental design notation. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer.

Question 15

Using the set of symbols commonly used in marketing research to denote experimental designs,which symbol below represents the random assignment of test units or groups to separate treatments?
A) R
B) T
C) X
D) O

Accepted Answer

The symbol "R" is used to denote random assignment in experimental designs.

Question 16

Debriefing occurs after the experiment and entails informing test subjects what the experiment was about and how the experimental manipulations were performed

Accepted Answer

Debriefing is the process of disclosing the true purpose and nature of an experiment to participants after they have taken part in it. It also involves explaining any manipulations or deceptions that were used during the experiment.

Question 17

The statement 'An effect cannot be produced by an event that occurs after the effect has taken place,' refers to ________.
A) the time order of occurrence of variables
B) the elimination of other possible factors
C) concomitant variation
D) the role of evidence

Accepted Answer

This statement is referring to the concept of temporal precedence, which is one of the three criteria for establishing causality in empirical research. Temporal precedence requires that the cause must occur before the effect. Therefore, if an event occurs after an effect has already taken place, it cannot be the cause of that effect.

Question 18

Experimental design is the set of experimental procedures specifying the test units and sampling procedures and all of the following except ________.
A) specifying the plan for data analysis
B) specifying how to control the extraneous variables
C) specifying the independent variables
D) specifying the dependent variables

Accepted Answer

Experimental design specifies the test units, sampling procedures, independent and dependent variables, and how to control extraneous variables. However, it does not necessarily specify the plan for data analysis, which comes after the experiment has been conducted.

Question 19

In the New York coupon experiment mentioned in your text,the experiment was conducted to test the effects of the face value of coupons on the likelihood of coupon redemption.Subjects were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups.One group was offered 15-cent coupons and the other 50-cent coupons for four products.During the interviews,the respondents answered questions about which brands they used and how likely they were to cash coupons of the given face value the next time they shopped.In the preceding experiment,the independent variable that was manipulated was ________.
A) individual shoppers
B) the likelihood of cashing the coupon
C) the value of the coupon (15-cent versus 50-cent coupon)
D) brand usage

Accepted Answer

The independent variable that was manipulated in the experiment was the value of the coupon (15-cent versus 50-cent coupon). The study aimed to test the effects of the face value of coupons on the likelihood of coupon redemption. The other options (A, B, and D) are either not relevant to the experimental design or not manipulated.

Question 20

Standard text markets can cost as much as $1 million;simulated test markets cost less than 10 percent as much.

Accepted Answer

The statement says that simulated test markets cost less than 10 percent of standard text markets, which means that they cost less than $100,000. Therefore, the statement is true.

Quiz 7: Casual Research Design: Experimentation

In many countries,the marketing,economic,structural,information,and technological environments are not developed to the extent that they are in the United States.

Which experimental design means that two groups of test units were randomly assigned to two different treatment groups at the same time,and the dependent variable was measured in the two groups simultaneously?

The conditions that must be satisfied before making causal inferences include all of the following except ________.

When considering ________,accumulated evidence from several investigations increases our confidence that a causal relationship exists.

Experimentation is becoming increasingly important in marketing research,but there are limitations of time,cost,and administration of an experiment.

Using the set of symbols commonly used in marketing research to denote experimental designs,which symbol below represents the process of observation or measurement of the dependent variable on the test units or group of units?

Which of the following statements is not true concerning the time order of occurrence of variables?

________ means that the factor or variable being investigated should be the only possible causal explanation.

________ is the extent to which a cause,X,and an effect,Y,occur together or vary together in the way predicted by the hypothesis under consideration.

The scientific concept of causality is complex."Causality" means something very different to the average person on the street than to a scientist.If the ordinary meaning of a statement is "X is the only cause of Y," its related scientific meaning is: ________.

The internal and external validity of field experiments conducted overseas is generally lower than in the United States.

Using the set of symbols commonly used in marketing research to denote experimental designs,which symbol below represents the exposure of a group to an independent variable,treatment,or event the effects of which are to be determined?

Using the set of symbols commonly used in marketing research to denote experimental designs,which symbol below represents the random assignment of test units or groups to separate treatments?

Debriefing occurs after the experiment and entails informing test subjects what the experiment was about and how the experimental manipulations were performed

The statement 'An effect cannot be produced by an event that occurs after the effect has taken place,' refers to ________.

Experimental design is the set of experimental procedures specifying the test units and sampling procedures and all of the following except ________.

Standard text markets can cost as much as $1 million;simulated test markets cost less than 10 percent as much.