Question 1

Gender differences in direct aggression appear to be influenced by:

Accepted Answer

Gender-typed goals regarding assertion and affiliation influence gender differences in direct aggression. Boys are often socialized to prioritize assertiveness and competition, while girls are socialized to prioritize cooperation and affiliation. This can lead to boys being more likely to engage in direct aggression when they feel their goals are being thwarted, while girls may be more likely to use indirect aggression to maintain relationships while still achieving their goals. Empathy and emotional regulation may play a role in aggression, but are not the primary factors influencing gender differences. There is also no evidence to suggest that parental expectations for aggression differ by gender.

Question 2

Of the four cognitive theories of gender development discussed in the text, which one do you think explains the widest variety of gender differences? Describe the processes or components proposed by the theory that you think contribute to its superiority. Illustrate your point using a gender difference that is explained well by this theory, but that is not explained well by the other theories.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Of the four cognitive theories of gender...

Question 3

Boys' more frequent focus on _____ likely leads to increased aggression.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that boys often have a stronger orientation toward dominance goals than girls, which can lead to higher levels of aggression. Affiliative traits and empathy, on the other hand, are more often associated with prosocial behavior. The ineffectiveness of their actions may contribute to frustration, but it is not necessarily a predictor of aggression.

Question 4

Describe the evolutionary psychological perspective on gender differences. Provide an example of a gender difference that is addressed by this perspective and how it is explained.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the evolutionary psychological perspective on gender...

Question 5

Which statement about males' and females' experience of sexual harassment is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that sexual harassment is experienced by both males and females. While rates of harassment may differ between genders, it is not true that only one gender is commonly targeted. Option B is false as sexual harassment does not predominantly happen online but in person as well. Option C is false as perpetrators of sexual harassment can be of any age, gender, or profession. Option D is false as same-gender harassment can happen to both boys and girls, but the rates may differ.

Question 6

Describe the processes of self-socialization and parent socialization of gender-appropriate behaviour and how it relates to cognitive abilities and achievement.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the processes of self-socialization and parent...

Question 7

It is estimated that physical aggression occurs in approximately _____% of adolescent heterosexual dating relationships.

Accepted Answer

Studies have estimated that physical aggression occurs in approximately 25% of adolescent heterosexual dating relationships.

Question 8

Describe the development of children's understanding of gender discrimination. What factors are involved in this understanding? Why might children's beliefs about gender discrimination not align with their behaviour?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the development of children's understanding of...

Question 9

Which type of aggression is more common among males than among females?

Accepted Answer

Direct aggression involves physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone else. Studies have consistently found that males are more likely to engage in direct aggression than females, while females are more likely to engage in relational or indirect aggression.

Question 10

Describe the process by which cognitive and motivational influences might influence gender differences in aggression. Provide at least two examples.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the process by which cognitive and...

Question 11

Which statement about the influence of testosterone on aggression is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

This statement is not true because there is ample research indicating that testosterone has an influence on aggressive behavior. Studies have found higher levels of testosterone in individuals who exhibit more aggressive behavior, and manipulating testosterone levels has been shown to affect aggression levels in both men and women.

Question 12

Describe one gender difference that you have noticed among your friends. Identify three theoretical perspectives that you think could explain this gender difference, and describe what these perspectives would have to say about it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe one gender difference that you have...

Question 13

When researchers asked adults to watch a video of two children whose gender they could not identify and then to rate the children's level of aggression, the adults who believed that _____ rated the children as least aggressive.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When researchers asked adults to watch a...

Question 14

Gender differences in aggression:

Accepted Answer

Gender differences in aggression are generally consistent across cultures in that males tend to be more physically aggressive than females. However, the average levels of aggression can vary significantly from one culture to another, influenced by societal norms, values, and conditions.

Quiz 15: Gender Development