Question 1

Knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes is known as metacognitive knowledge. Metacognition refers to the ability to reflect on one's own cognitive processes and monitor and control them. It includes knowledge about memory, attention, problem-solving strategies, and other mental processes that influence learning and performance.

Question 2

When Chi (1978) asked child chess experts and adult chess novices to remember sequences of numbers and positions of chess pieces on a chess board, she found that

Accepted Answer

The answer of When Chi (1978) asked child chess experts...

Question 3

Research by Chi (1978) with child chess experts and adult chess novices has shown that

Accepted Answer

Chi's research showed that knowledge in a particular area, such as chess in the case of his study, can help to organize and give meaning to new information. This means that having prior knowledge and expertise in a particular field can improve memory performance and retention of new information. Option A is incorrect as Chi's research actually shows a positive relationship between knowledge and memory performance. Option B is incorrect as Chi's study specifically found that child chess experts performed better on memory tasks than adult chess novices, indicating that knowledge and expertise can influence memory performance. Option D is also incorrect as the study found that child chess experts were able to remember more chess pieces than adult chess novices.

Question 4

Melody has eaten at fast food restaurants many times. She remembers that first you wait in line, then you order your food, pay for it, carry it to a table, eat, and finally, throw away your trash. Melody's knowledge about the events that typically occur when eating at a fast food restaurant is best described as

Accepted Answer

Melody's knowledge about the events that typically occur when eating at a fast food restaurant is best described as a script. A script is a mental framework that organizes our knowledge about events in a certain order, such as the steps involved in eating at a fast food restaurant.

Question 5

Skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and monitoring accurately is known as

Accepted Answer

Cognitive self-regulation involves the ability to plan, monitor, and adjust one's thinking strategies to achieve a goal. This includes identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and monitoring progress towards those goals. Metacognitive knowledge involves understanding one's own thinking and learning processes, while metamemory refers specifically to memory-related metacognitive processes. Automatic processing describes the ability to perform tasks without conscious awareness or effort.

Question 6

The inability to recall events from one's early life is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The inability to recall events from one's early life is commonly referred to as infantile amnesia. This phenomenon is observed in most adults, and the exact cause remains a topic of ongoing research.

Question 7

Autobiographical memory typically begins in

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory typically begins in the preschool years, around the age of three or four, when children begin to develop a sense of self and memories become more organized and coherent. Infants may have some implicit memories, but they are not yet able to form explicit memories of events that they experience. School-age children and adolescents have more developed autobiographical memory, but it typically begins in the preschool years.

Question 8

As Wendy read her textbook, she wrote summaries of each section. When she met with her study group, she was able to answer many but not all of the questions posed by her study group. What should she do next?

Accepted Answer

Wendy should continue using her current memory strategy because it has been effective in helping her summarize the textbook. However, she should focus on summarizing the parts she knows least well to improve her understanding. Going to study group shows that Wendy is actively seeking help and collaboration, which is beneficial for her learning.

Question 9

A memory structure used to describe the sequence in which events occur is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A script is a memory structure used to describe the sequence in which events occur, including the actions people take, the objects involved, and the order in which events occur.

Question 10

A child's informal understanding of memory is called

Accepted Answer

Metamemory refers to a child's informal understanding of memory, including their ability to recognize and monitor their own memory processes. Options B, C, and D are related to different aspects of cognitive development, but not specifically memory understanding.

Question 11

Scripts of events

Accepted Answer

Scripts can influence a child's memory for an event by filling in gaps with expected or typical activities, which may not actually have occurred, leading to distortions in memory.

Question 12

Seventeen-year-old Jalen remembers the day he met his best friend in grade school, the first day of high school, and the day he got his drivers license. This information is part of his

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory refers to the memory of significant events and experiences in one's own life. Jalen remembering specific events such as meeting his best friend, the first day of high school, and getting his driver's license all fall under this category. Sensory store and working memory refer to more temporary and short-term memory storage, while infantile amnesia refers to the lack of memories from early childhood.

Question 13

Jared loves dogs and knows a lot about them while his friend Joe does not. If you asked each of them to remember a list of dog breeds and a list of unrelated words, what would you expect to find?

Accepted Answer

Jared's expertise in dogs would give him an advantage in recalling dog breeds compared to Joe, but both of them would have about the same ability to recall unrelated words since dog breed knowledge wouldn't be a factor in that task.

Question 14

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the impact of scripts on memory?

Accepted Answer

This statement does not accurately describe the impact of scripts on memory, as memory distortions are actually more likely when children have prior experience with an activity and try to fit it into their existing script.

Question 15

Knowledge that helps organize information and give it meaning

Accepted Answer

Knowledge that helps organize information (such as schema) increases with age due to experiences and exposure to new information. This increased knowledge can improve memory and recall abilities.

Question 16

Monitoring effective strategy use

Accepted Answer

Monitoring effective strategy use improves gradually with age as children develop more metacognitive skills and become better at evaluating their own learning processes.

Question 17

Psychologists often characterize children's knowledge in terms of a network in which

Accepted Answer

This is because younger children have less experience and exposure to information, therefore they have fewer entries in their knowledge network. Additionally, they have weaker connections between these entries as they have not had as much opportunity to make connections and build associations between different pieces of information. As they develop and gain more experience, their knowledge network becomes more complex with stronger connections between entries.

Question 18

After Jake set the table, his mother asked him whether he had put napkins on the table. Even though he hadn't, Jake replied "yes" and believed he had because he knew that putting napkins on the table was part of what he always did when he set the table. Jake's distorted memory is best explained as

Accepted Answer

Jake's distorted memory is best explained by the concept of remembering a script. He had a pre-existing mental framework of what setting the table entailed, including putting napkins on the table, which led him to believe that he had done so even though he had not.

Question 19

________ refers to people's memory of the significant events and experiences of their own lives.

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory refers to the ability to recall personal experiences, events, and emotions in detail from one's own life. It can include both episodic memory (specific events and experiences) and semantic memory (general knowledge about oneself). The other options, infantile amnesia, sensory store, and automatic processing, do not accurately describe this type of memory. Infantine amnesia refers to the inability to recall events from the first few years of life, sensory store refers to very brief storage of sensory information, and automatic processing refers to unconscious encoding of information.

Question 20

Chi's (1978) study comparing memory in child chess experts and adult chess novices demonstrated

Accepted Answer

Chi's study demonstrated the effect of knowledge on memory, specifically that child chess experts had better recall for chess positions than adult chess novices because they had more knowledge and experience with chess.

Quiz 7: B: Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills