Question 1

Which of the following statements about temperament is true?

Accepted Answer

The influence of temperament is not solely determined by genetics but also by the environment in which children develop. Children's temperaments can interact with their environment, including their caregivers, peers, and culture, to shape their social, emotional, and cognitive development.

Answer: B 
 Infants and toddlers who temperamentally resist control tend to be prone to behavior problems when they are older if their mothers are controlling, not if their mothers try to exert appropriate levels of control for their age and development. It is important for parents to match their efforts to their child's temperament and age, as well as use positive reinforcement strategies to encourage good behavior.

Answer: C 
 This statement is false. Temperament does not necessarily determine how adolescents will respond to life stressors, and many factors outside of temperament (such as resilience, coping strategies, and social support) can buffer against the negative effects of stress. Additionally, adolescents who are temperamentally cheerful may not necessarily engage in risky behaviors such as substance use.

Answer: D 
 This statement is false. While temperament can influence how children react to and interact with their environment, it is not the sole determining factor of many aspects of development. Other factors, such as parenting, genetics, peer relationships, and culture, can also affect development.

Question 2

The majority of North American babies have ________ attachment relationships.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that about 60-65% of North American babies have secure attachment relationships with their caregivers, while the remaining 35-40% have insecure attachment styles such as avoidant, resistant, or disorganized/disoriented.

Question 3

________ is used to study attachment relationships.

Accepted Answer

The Strange Situation is a procedure used to study attachment relationships between a caregiver and a child. It involves observing the child's behavior in response to several brief separations and reunions with the caregiver, as well as the child's interactions with a stranger. The behaviors observed include the child's exploration, separation distress, and stranger anxiety. The results of the Strange Situation can classify a child's attachment style as secure, insecure-ambivalent, insecure-avoidant, or disorganized.

Question 4

After reading about research on temperament and developmental outcomes, which of the following children would most surprise you?

Accepted Answer

According to research on temperament, anxious and fearful children are more likely to follow rules and be obedient, rather than breaking rules. Richie breaking his parents' rules would be a surprising outcome based on his temperament.

Question 5

When one-year-old Hayley's mother left her in an unfamiliar room, Hayley cried. When her mother returned, Hayley wanted to be held for a minute but then wanted to get down and play. Hayley appears to have a(n) ________ attachment to her mother.

Accepted Answer

Hayley's behavior indicates that she is securely attached to her mother. She was upset when her mother left but quickly adapted and was willing to explore her new environment. When her mother returned, Hayley sought comfort but was easily soothed and then wanted to engage in play. This behavior is typical of a child with a secure attachment style.

Question 6

Shy, inhibited children

Accepted Answer

Shy and inhibited children are more likely to have difficulty interacting with other children. They may have trouble making friends and participating in group activities. However, this does not necessarily mean they are unlikely to succeed in school or less likely to comply with a parent's rules and requests. They may also have difficulty in both familiar and unfamiliar situations.

Question 7

Who is most likely to have just recently singled out an attachment figure?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who is most likely to have just...

Question 8

If Bill and Mary are typical parents of a baby, which of the following is most likely to be true?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that fathers often engage more in play activities with their children, while mothers may take on more caregiving roles. This doesn't mean fathers don't care for their children or that mothers don't play with them, but there is a tendency for fathers to spend a higher proportion of their interaction time in play.

Question 9

Researchers who studied inhibition and helping in two-year-olds found that

Accepted Answer

The researchers found that outgoing children were more likely to help the experimenters when they feigned injury, while there was no significant difference between shy and outgoing children in their likelihood to help their mothers. Therefore, option C is the best answer.

Question 10

According to ________ theory, children who form an attachment to an adult are more likely to survive.

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary theory posits that attachments between infants and caregivers serve an evolutionary purpose in promoting survival. Babies who form strong attachments with adults are more likely to receive consistent care, protection, and sustenance, which increases their chances of survival.

Question 11

A study of helping behaviour in two-year-olds who are shy and those who are outgoing indicated that

Accepted Answer

The answer of A study of helping behaviour in two-year-olds...

Question 12

Infants usually form attachments

Accepted Answer

Infants can form attachments to both mothers and fathers, as well as other caregivers who provide consistent and nurturing care. Attachment is not limited to one person, but rather to those who meet the infant's needs and establish a secure and responsive relationship with them.

Question 13

When Kylie's mother left her at the babysitter's house, Kylie was upset and cried. When Kylie's mother returned, Kylie was still angry and would not be consoled by her mother. Which type of attachment does Kylie seem to have?

Accepted Answer

Kylie's behavior suggests that she may have a resistant attachment style. Children with this attachment style may display distress when separated from their caregiver and may have difficulty being consoled upon their return.

Question 14

When Aida's mother left her with a new babysitter, Aida was not upset. When her mother returned, Aida ignored her. Aida appears to have a(n) ________ attachment to her mother.

Accepted Answer

Aida's lack of upset when left with a new babysitter and ignoring her mother are signs of avoidant attachment. Children with avoidant attachments tend to not seek comfort from their caregiver and may seem indifferent to their presence or absence.

Question 15

The evolutionary view of attachment is that it

Accepted Answer

The evolutionary view of attachment posits that attachment behaviors and bonds between caregivers and infants increase the infant's likelihood of survival. This connection is considered to be an evolutionary adaptation that has been selected for over time because infants who are securely attached to their caregivers are more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. Options A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not reflect the evolutionary perspective on attachment.

Question 16

A researcher conducts a study using the Strange Situation. The researcher is studying

Accepted Answer

The Strange Situation is a standardized procedure used to assess infants' attachment relationships with their caregiver. Therefore, the researcher is studying attachment relationships through the use of this procedure.

Question 17

Studies of links between temperament and developmental outcomes have found

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently shown that shy children may struggle with social interactions and making friends, which can lead to difficulties later in life.

Question 18

Fathers

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that fathers are more likely to engage in physical play with their babies than are mothers. This type of play is important for babies' development, as it helps them to develop their gross motor skills and learn about spatial relationships. However, this does not mean that fathers do not also comfort their babies when they are distressed or spend time taking care of them.

Question 19

The infant singles out the attachment figure at approximately what age?

Accepted Answer

Babies typically begin to form a strong attachment to their primary caregiver, or attachment figure, around seven months of age. This is when they become more aware of the presence or absence of their caregiver and may experience separation anxiety when they are apart. While infants may show preferences for particular people earlier than seven months, the formation of a true attachment relationship typically doesn't occur until around this age.

Question 20

Four-year-old Allan has a difficult temperament. Four-year-old Ethan has an easy temperament. When they are older and enter school

Accepted Answer

According to research on temperament, children with difficult temperaments are more likely to experience behavioural problems as they grow older. Therefore, Allan is more likely than Ethan to have behavioural problems when they enter school.

Quiz 10: B: Emotional Development