A professor is interested in whether one's confidence influences one's self-esteem or whether it is one's self-esteem that influences one's self-confidence. He measures his students' levels of self-esteem and confidence and learns that they are positively correlated. One year later the professor reassesses the students' self-esteem and confidence levels. He finds that there is a stronger correlation between one's confidence at time one and one's self-esteem one year later than the correlation between one's self-esteem at time one and one's confidence level one year later. Which type of quasi-experimental design is the professor employing?
A) a single-case experimental design
B) a time-series design
C) a cross-lagged panel design
D) nonequivalent groups design

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

The design described is a cross-lagged panel design, which involves measuring two variables at multiple points in time and examining the pattern of correlations over time to determine the direction of causality. In this case, the stronger correlation between confidence at time one and self-esteem one year later suggests that confidence may have a causal effect on self-esteem, rather than the other way around.

A Professor Is Interested in Whether One's Confidence Influences One's