Question 1

Which standards were developed to help nursing students develop the skills,knowledge,and attitudes needed to continuously improve quality and safety?
A) EBP
B) IRB
C) QSEN
D) Magnet

Accepted Answer

QSEN stands for Quality and Safety Education for Nurses. It is a set of standards developed to help nursing students develop the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to continuously improve the quality and safety of healthcare. The QSEN standards include areas such as patient-centered care, teamwork and collaboration, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, safety, and informatics.

Question 2

In a meta-analysis,the researcher displays a symmetrical funnel plot of the data from a group of studies.This indicates:
A) heterogenicity of study samples.
B) limited publication bias.
C) methodological bias.
D) reporting bias.

Accepted Answer

A symmetrical funnel plot is indicative of limited publication bias, meaning that studies with both large and small sample sizes and both positive and negative results were likely included in the meta-analysis. Heterogenicity of study samples, methodological bias, and reporting bias are not necessarily indicated by the shape of the funnel plot.

Question 3

A study yielding negative results is withheld for publication for several years,contributing to which type of bias?
A) Citation bias
B) Location bias
C) Outcome-reporting bias
D) Time-lag bias

Accepted Answer

Time-lag bias occurs when there is a delay in the reporting of research results, leading to a bias towards more positive findings being published first while negative findings are withheld or delayed.

Question 4

Which is true about the literature search criteria for a meta-analysis?
A) They include only published works from refereed journals.
B) They include the full range of related sources based on the topic.
C) They usually are narrowly focused around the research question.
D) They use works from a single database in order to remain consistent.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which is true about the literature search...

Question 5

What is the purpose of the PRISMA statement?
A) To help researchers develop a clinical question before a review
B) To help determine whether studies reviewed should be replicated
C) To improve reporting of meta-analyses and systematic reviews
D) To outline the abstract when reporting on meta-analyses and other reviews

Accepted Answer

The purpose of the PRISMA statement is to improve the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. It provides a checklist of items to include in the reporting to ensure transparency and completeness of the review process. A and B are not directly related to the purpose of the PRISMA statement, and D is too specific and limited in its scope.

Question 6

When using the Stetler Model of research utilization,the nurse researcher reviews the risks,resources,and readiness of staff associated with making changes in practice based on evidence.Which part of the model is this?
A) Phase I: Preparation
B) Phase II: Validation
C) Phase III: Comparative Evaluation
D) Phase IV: Translation/Application

Accepted Answer

In the Comparative Evaluation phase,the researcher substantiates the evidence,evaluates the fit of the healthcare setting,determines the feasibility of using research findings,and identifies concerns with current practice using the three "Rs" of risks,resources,and readiness.In the Preparation phase,the researcher determines the purpose,focus,and potential outcomes of making an evidence-based change in practice.In the Validation phase,the researcher critically appraises the research reports to determine their soundness.In the Translation/Application phase,the researcher plans for actual use of the research evidence in practice.

Question 7

A nurse studies the effects of teaching the MyPlate.gov materials to preschoolers by providing this education to preschoolers in a single day care center and then following their BMI scores over a 5-year period and comparing their scores to those of children from another day care center.In this study,which element is represented by the O in the PICOS acronym?
A) BMI scores
B) Five-year follow-up
C) MyPlate.gov materials
D) Preschoolers

Accepted Answer

In PICOS,the O stands for outcomes,which,in this study,are the BMI measures thought to be affected by the intervention.The 5-year follow-up is part of the study design,or S.The MyPlate.gov materials are used for the intervention,or I.The preschoolers are the population,or P.

Question 8

What is true about reporting the mean difference between two groups in a meta-analysis?
A) It is a measure of differences between nominal data for the two groups.
B) It is an estimate of the effect of differences between the two groups of subjects.
C) It is not used to examine differences in ratio-level data.
D) It is appropriate only when the same scale is used to measure outcomes.

Accepted Answer

The mean difference is reported in a meta-analysis to identify the effect of an intervention but is appropriate only if the outcome is measured by the same scale in all the studies.It is not used to compare nominal data but is useful for ordinal and ratio-level data.It measures differences in outcomes and not subjects.

Question 9

In a meta-analysis,a researcher wishes to examine differences in temperatures of subjects in two groups but notes that one study uses a centigrade scale and the other study uses a Fahrenheit scale.Which statistic will the researcher apply in this case?
A) Dichotomous data reporting
B) Funnel plot
C) Mean difference
D) Standardized mean difference

Accepted Answer

The standardized mean difference (SMD) is the appropriate statistic to use in this case because it allows for the comparison of means between groups that are measured in different units or have different scales. The SMD calculates the difference between the means of the two groups in standard deviation units, which allows for comparisons between studies that use different scales.

Question 10

When addressing a health care question to determine best practice,the nurse identifies and appraises quality research using a structured,comprehensive synthesis of the research literature to determine the best research evidence available.This is an example of a:
A) literature review
B) meta-analysis.
C) meta-synthesis.
D) systematic review.

Accepted Answer

The nurse is using a structured, comprehensive synthesis of research literature to determine the best research evidence available, which implies a systematic review. A systematic review is a rigorous and comprehensive analysis of all relevant studies that address a particular clinical question. It involves a systematic search for and appraisal of studies, as well as a synthesis of the results to provide a summary of evidence.

Question 11

Which is the strongest source of research and evidence for developing evidence-based guidelines?
A) Meta-analyses of specifically focused research questions
B) Panels of experts sharing their opinions on best practices
C) Quasi-experimental studies
D) Rigorous experimental studies

Accepted Answer

The strongest source of research evidence is synthesized to develop recommendations for practice and generally comes from meta-analyses.Often consultants,other researchers,and additional expert clinicians are asked to review the guidelines as well.Although panels of experts may be asked to review the guidelines,the use of meta-analyses provides the strongest research evidence.Quasi-experimental studies,along with other studies,are included in meta-analyses to provide the strongest research evidence.Rigorous experimental studies are analyzed together in meta-analyses to provide the strongest research evidence.

Question 12

Which research discipline seeks to develop practical applications based on research knowledge?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Meta-synthesis
C) Rigorous experimental studies
D) Translational research

Accepted Answer

Translational research seeks to bridge the gap between research knowledge and practical applications, by implementing the findings of basic science research into clinical practice and patient care. Meta-analysis and meta-synthesis are methods of analyzing and synthesizing research studies, but do not necessarily focus on practical applications. Rigorous experimental studies aim to test hypotheses and gather empirical data, but may not have an immediate practical application.

Question 13

Which is true about evidence-based practice?
A) Evidence-based guidelines are unrelated to accreditation regulations.
B) Evidence-based practice is determined only through experimental studies.
C) Most nursing interventions are based on evidence-based principles.
D) The use of evidence-based practice results in improved patient outcomes.

Accepted Answer

The use of evidence-based practice has been shown to result in improved patient outcomes. Evidence-based guidelines are often used to inform accreditation regulations. While experimental studies may be a part of evidence-based practice, other forms of research can also contribute to forming evidence-based principles.

Question 14

What must a researcher describe to identify that a comprehensive,systematic literature search was conducted?
A) All key search terms and databases used in the search
B) A list of grey literature sources used in the review
C) The date restrictions applied to the literature search
D) The use of literature only from prestigious journals

Accepted Answer

A comprehensive, systematic literature search should include all key search terms and databases used. This allows for transparency and reproducibility of the search strategy. It is also important to report any date restrictions that were applied to the search. The use of prestigious journals is not relevant to the comprehensiveness or systematic nature of the search. A list of grey literature sources may be helpful, but it is not essential to describe in order to identify a comprehensive, systematic literature search.

Question 15

A researcher evaluates data from a variety of studies,including those involving qualitative and quantitative research,and uses findings from qualitative studies to interpret synthesized quantitative studies.This is an example of:
A) meta-synthesis.
B) mixed-method synthesis.
C) multilevel synthesis.
D) parallel synthesis.

Accepted Answer

Parallel synthesis involves the separate synthesis of quantitative and qualitative studies,but the findings from the qualitative synthesis are used in interpreting the synthesized quantitative studies.A meta-synthesis is used to pool and combine findings from qualitative studies.A mixed-methods synthesis review is used to evaluate a combination of quantitative and qualitative studies.A multilevel synthesis involves synthesizing the findings from quantitative studies separately from qualitative studies and integrating the findings in the report.

Question 16

What is true about a meta-analysis?
A) It helps to determine whether studies should be replicated.
B) It identifies and appraises previous research.
C) It pools results from previous studies into a single quantitative analysis.
D) It replicates previous studies to confirm statistical results.

Accepted Answer

A meta-analysis pools results from previous studies into a single quantitative analysis, making it a powerful tool for summarizing and synthesizing research findings. It allows for the identification of patterns and trends across multiple studies, as well as the detection of publication bias and other sources of variation. While it may inform decisions about replication, this is not its primary purpose.

Question 17

Which type of research literature would be included in grey literature sources?
A) Book chapters
B) Dissertations
C) Journal articles
D) Textbooks

Accepted Answer

Grey literature sources often include unpublished or non-commercial materials such as dissertations, conference proceedings, government reports, technical reports, and working papers. Book chapters, journal articles, and textbooks are usually considered part of the traditional academic literature.

Question 18

Which method will a researcher use to evaluate a group of qualitative studies?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Meta-synthesis
C) Mixed-methods systematic review
D) Systematic review

Accepted Answer

A meta-synthesis is the most appropriate method for evaluating a group of qualitative studies. This method involves analyzing and synthesizing the findings of multiple qualitative studies to develop a new interpretation of the phenomenon under study. The other options, such as meta-analysis or systematic review, are more appropriate for evaluating quantitative studies. A mixed-methods systematic review can be used for both qualitative and quantitative studies, but it may not be necessary if the focus is only on qualitative research.

Question 19

To develop a clinical question when reviewing the effectiveness of nursing interventions,the nurse will use which format?
A) PICOS
B) PRISMA
C) Study design
D) Systematic review

Accepted Answer

The PICOS framework is commonly used to develop a clinical question when reviewing the effectiveness of nursing interventions. PICOS stands for Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study design, and helps to clearly define the parameters of the question and identify relevant literature. PRISMA is a systematic review protocol, study design refers to the type of research study being conducted, and a systematic review is a comprehensive analysis of all available literature on a particular topic.

Quiz 13: Building an Evidence-Based Nursing Practice

Which standards were developed to help nursing students develop the skills,knowledge,and attitudes needed to continuously improve quality and safety?

In a meta-analysis,the researcher displays a symmetrical funnel plot of the data from a group of studies.This indicates:

A study yielding negative results is withheld for publication for several years,contributing to which type of bias?

Which is true about the literature search criteria for a meta-analysis?

What is the purpose of the PRISMA statement?

When using the Stetler Model of research utilization,the nurse researcher reviews the risks,resources,and readiness of staff associated with making changes in practice based on evidence.Which part of the model is this?

What is true about reporting the mean difference between two groups in a meta-analysis?

In a meta-analysis,a researcher wishes to examine differences in temperatures of subjects in two groups but notes that one study uses a centigrade scale and the other study uses a Fahrenheit scale.Which statistic will the researcher apply in this case?

When addressing a health care question to determine best practice,the nurse identifies and appraises quality research using a structured,comprehensive synthesis of the research literature to determine the best research evidence available.This is an example of a:

Which is the strongest source of research and evidence for developing evidence-based guidelines?

Which research discipline seeks to develop practical applications based on research knowledge?

Which is true about evidence-based practice?

What must a researcher describe to identify that a comprehensive,systematic literature search was conducted?

A researcher evaluates data from a variety of studies,including those involving qualitative and quantitative research,and uses findings from qualitative studies to interpret synthesized quantitative studies.This is an example of:

What is true about a meta-analysis?

Which type of research literature would be included in grey literature sources?

Which method will a researcher use to evaluate a group of qualitative studies?

To develop a clinical question when reviewing the effectiveness of nursing interventions,the nurse will use which format?