Question 1

The ______ pattern of electrical activity in the brain is associated not only with memory performance but also with coordinating emotional information between the limbic areas and the frontal areas of the brain.

Accepted Answer

Theta waves are associated with memory consolidation and emotional regulation. They are often seen during REM sleep and are also present during meditative states. Theta activity in the brain is linked with the coordination of information between the limbic system and the frontal lobes, which are important for emotion regulation and cognitive processing. Alpha waves (A) are associated with relaxation and inactivity, while beta waves (B) are associated with alertness and concentration. Delta waves (D) are associated with deep sleep and unconsciousness.

Question 2

According to the text, "With the increased sophistication of brain imaging technology came the increased ability to view the manner in which various areas of the brain work together." The focus on connections between brain areas implied in this statement MOST immediately brings to mind the brain imaging technique called ______.

Accepted Answer

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a brain imaging technique that specifically focuses on mapping the diffusion of water in brain tissue, which helps in visualizing and understanding the connections and pathways between different brain areas.

Question 3

Dr. Munakata is using a strong magnet to track blood oxygen changes in participants' brains as they complete decision-making tasks. Dr. Munakata is using ______ to examine the brain's activity.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Munakata is using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to track blood oxygen changes in participants' brains as they complete decision-making tasks. fMRI is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique that detects changes in blood flow to different areas of the brain, allowing researchers to examine the brain's activity during specific tasks. Options A, B, and C are also neuroimaging techniques but are not directly related to tracking blood oxygen changes in the brain.

Question 4

In ______, brain activity is assessed by recording electrical activity at the scalp.

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG) is the method used to record electrical activity at the scalp to assess brain activity. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures magnetic fields generated by brain activity, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures changes in blood flow, and positron emission tomography (PET) measures changes in glucose metabolism or oxygen consumption in the brain.

Question 5

Shannon is studying in her room, concentrating on a passage in her chemistry textbook and solving a few practice problems. Suddenly, she notices how chilly the room is. In Shannon's brain, activity of the ______ network has momentarily interrupted processing in the ______ network.

Accepted Answer

The salience network is responsible for detecting important or salient stimuli, such as the sensation of cold in Shannon's room. This detection would momentarily interrupt processing in the central executive network, which is responsible for tasks that require focused attention and concentration, such as studying chemistry. Therefore, option B, where the salience network interrupts the central executive network, is the best choice.

Question 6

In ______, brain activity is assessed by measuring small magnetic field gradients entering and exiting and entering the scalp.

Accepted Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique that measures the magnetic fields produced by the electrical activity of neurons in the brain. It is similar to EEG in that it measures brain activity in real-time, but MEG is more precise because the magnetic fields are less affected by the skull and other tissue than electrical signals measured by EEG.

Question 7

______ is a field of ethical inquiry that is asking how brain processes are involved in making moral decisions, as well as who should have access to your internal processes.

Accepted Answer

The field of ethical inquiry that deals with how brain processes are involved in making moral decisions and who should have access to these internal processes is called neuroethics. Option A, behavioral ethics, involves studying and promoting ethical decision-making and behavior. Option C, human ethics, deals with ethical standards and principles that guide human behavior. Option D, decision ethics, involves the study of ethical decision-making processes.

Question 8

Event-related potentials are ______ evoked potentials.

Accepted Answer

Event-related potentials are a type of evoked potentials, specifically referring to the measured brain responses that are the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event.

Question 9

EEG activity related to a particular event, such as the presentation of a picture or sound, is called ______.

Accepted Answer

EEG activity related to a particular event, such as the presentation of a picture or sound, is called event-related potentials (ERPs). Classical conditioning refers to a learning process, a spike train refers to a pattern of neural spiking, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a type of brain imaging that tracks the diffusion of water molecules in the brain to map the location of white matter tracts.

Question 10

Individuals with schizophrenia display (1) decreased brain volume and (2) a loss of white matter in the brain. Findings 1 and 2 MOST likely reflect the results of brain imaging research using ______ and ______, respectively.

Accepted Answer

DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging) specifically measures the integrity of white matter tracts by evaluating water diffusion. White matter loss would likely be identified using DTI. fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is more commonly used to measure differences in brain activity and would be the likely method utilized to identify decreased brain volume. Therefore, option C is the most plausible answer.

Question 11

Which brain imaging method has the LEAST precise temporal resolution?

Accepted Answer

PET has the least precise temporal resolution among the given options because it measures changes in blood flow and metabolism over minutes, whereas EEG and MEG measure electrical activity with millisecond precision and fMRI measures changes in blood flow with a resolution of a few seconds.

Question 12

Currently, the major brain imaging techniques do NOT include ______.

Accepted Answer

Encephalectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing all or part of the brain and is not considered a brain imaging technique. The other options mentioned (MEG, PET, and fMRI) are all currently used brain imaging techniques.

Question 13

Jackie is using cocaine. While cocaine use is associated with a variety of EEG patterns, the text implies that ______ activity is among these patterns.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jackie is using cocaine. While cocaine use...

Question 14

Gemma drifts from alert wakefulness to a drowsy state as she finishes studying. An electroencephalogram would reveal a change from a(n) ______ pattern of brain activity to a(n) ______ pattern.

Accepted Answer

When transitioning from alert wakefulness to a drowsy state, the brain's electrical activity changes from beta waves, which are associated with alertness and concentration, to alpha waves, which are associated with a relaxed, calm state.

Question 15

The main advantage of magnetoencephalography (MEG) over electroencephalography (EEG) is that MEG

Accepted Answer

MEG better localizes the spatial origin of the signal compared to EEG, which can be important for identifying the specific brain regions involved in various cognitive processes. MEG does not expose the individual to radiation and is less invasive, but these factors are not the main advantage over EEG. Cost and time considerations can vary depending on the specific equipment and settings used for each method, so it is not accurate to say that MEG is necessarily less costly or time-consuming than EEG in all cases.

Question 16

White matter allows for long-range connections between neurons, facilitating networking. Roughly ______ of the brain is white matter.

Accepted Answer

Roughly 45% of the brain is composed of white matter, which is crucial for the long-range connections between neurons, enabling efficient communication across different brain regions.

Question 17

Brent is taking part in an experiment in a cognitive neuroscience lab on campus. Silently, he reads rapid sequences of words flashed on a computer screen. The electrical activity of his brain is simultaneously recorded through skull electrodes. The brain-scanning technique used in this study is ______.

Accepted Answer

The brain-scanning technique used in this study is electroencephalography (EEG) as it involves recording the electrical activity of the brain through skull electrodes while the participant reads rapid sequences of words. None of the other options (DTI, PET, fMRI) involve recording electrical activity in this manner.

Question 18

In the brain, the ______ pattern of electrical activity is associated with the inhibition of the activity of other brain areas.

Accepted Answer

The alpha pattern of electrical activity is associated with relaxation and the inhibition of the activity of other brain areas. It occurs in the frequency range of 8-13 Hz and is commonly observed in the occipital lobe during a state of relaxation or inactivity.

Question 19

In a method called ______, researchers use an MRI magnet to track the pattern of cortical connections in the brain.

Accepted Answer

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is the method that uses an MRI magnet to track the pattern of cortical connections in the brain. DTI measures the diffusion of water molecules in the brain, which can reveal the location and direction of white matter tracts that connect different regions of the brain. MEG, PET, and EEG are different neuroimaging techniques that do not specifically track cortical connections.

Question 20

A researcher plots the amount of white matter in the brain as a function of participants' age, from childhood through old age. Higher values on the y-axis indicate more white matter. The graph's function should resemble a(n) ______.

Accepted Answer

The amount of white matter in the brain typically increases during childhood and adolescence, peaks in early adulthood, and then gradually decreases with age. This pattern is best represented by an inverted U-shaped curve, reflecting growth and maturation followed by a decline in later years.

Quiz 2: Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding Psychopathology