Question 1

Which of these is LEAST important for memory acquisition?

Accepted Answer

Shallow processing involves surface-level processing of information and does not lead to strong memory connections. Therefore, it is the least important for memory acquisition. The other choices - memory connections, organization, and understanding - are all important factors for memory acquisition.

Question 2

Your friend is having a hard time in biology and would like some tips on studying for the class. What advice would you give your friend? Include at least three suggestions based on the information you have learned in this chapter.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your friend is having a hard time...

Question 3

Is memory for complex scenes similar to memory for words?

Accepted Answer

Memory for complex scenes and for words both benefit from organization. However, they may require different memory strategies and rely on different brain regions.

Question 4

If a participant is asked to remember a previously experienced event, the relevant memory must be accessed via

Accepted Answer

In order to access a previously experienced event from memory, a retrieval path must be used. This is the pathway through which the memory can be accessed and retrieved. Deep processing and elaborative processing refer to the level of encoding during learning, and the memory index is not a commonly used term in the field of memory retrieval.

Question 5

Select the order of processing that MOST accurately represents the probability an item will be retained (most likely > least likely):

Accepted Answer

Deep elaborate processing involves making meaningful connections, which enhances retention. Deep processing is also effective, followed by shallow processing, and maintenance rehearsal is the least effective for retention.

Question 6

In general, any technique designed to improve memory is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The term "mnemonic" refers to any technique or strategy that aids in the process of remembering information. Therefore, any technique designed to improve memory can be called a mnemonic strategy. The other options listed are specific examples of mnemonic strategies (the method of loci involves associating information with specific locations or mental images of locations; repetition is a common way of memorizing information through practice; memory rehearsal involves actively reviewing information to make it more memorable).

Question 7

Describe how previous knowledge or ideas of the memorizer can impact memory and how this can sometimes lead us to make memory errors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe how previous knowledge or ideas of...

Question 8

Imagine you are shown the word "DOG" and asked one of the following questions about that word. According to the principles of elaborative encoding, which of the following questions is going to lead to the best memory performance?

Accepted Answer

The principle of elaborative encoding states that deeper levels of processing lead to better memory performance. Creating a mental image and personal connection through elaboration aids in encoding information. The question in choice C involves creating a mental image and personal connection, thus leading to better memory performance. The other choices do not involve elaboration or personal connection to the word, and thus are less likely to lead to good memory performance.

Question 9

A participant is trying to memorize the word "parade." To help herself, she thinks about the word within a complicated sentence: "From their third-floor apartment, they had a great view of all the bands, the cowboys, and the floats in the Thanksgiving parade." This learning strategy will produce

Accepted Answer

The strategy of incorporating a target word into a meaningful sentence and creating multiple memory connections through that sentence is known as elaborative rehearsal. Elaborative rehearsal has been shown to be a highly effective memory strategy, and the use of a complex sentence with rich details and multiple associations can further enhance memory performance. Additionally, paying attention to the meaning of the sentence rather than simply repeating the word (as would occur in maintenance rehearsal) can facilitate deeper encoding and better long-term retrieval of the target word. Therefore, the participant in the scenario would likely experience excellent memory performance as a result of this strategy.

Question 10

A physician has just read an article about a recently invented drug. Which of the following is LEAST important in determining whether the physician will remember the article later on?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A physician has just read an article...

Question 11

In a peg-word system, participants help themselves memorize a group of items by

Accepted Answer

In a peg-word system, participants associate each item with some part of an already memorized framework or "peg," such as a numbered list or a specific sequence of words, to aid in memory recall. This method allows for easy organization and recall of a larger set of items.

Question 12

Imagine you are staring at a photograph of a man's face and trying to memorize it for later. Using the modal model, describe how the visual information will be processed and eventually stored in memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine you are staring at a photograph...

Question 13

Are flashcards an effective way to memorize information? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Are flashcards an effective way to memorize...

Question 14

It is difficult to predict what an individual will remember for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The statement "It is difficult to test memory" does not explain why it is difficult to predict what an individual will remember, as the other options provide reasons related to individual differences in mnemonic techniques, prior knowledge, and testing strategies.

Question 15

What is the BEST analogy for long-term memory storage?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the BEST analogy for long-term...

Question 16

A student wishes to memorize an essay so that he will be able to recall the essay's content later on. Which of the following is likely to be LEAST helpful to him?

Accepted Answer

While reading the essay aloud may help with comprehension and initial memorization, it is not as effective as other strategies such as actively engaging with the content (understanding the argument, thinking about organization, and constructing a paraphrase). Simply reading aloud does not involve active processing of the information, which is necessary for effective long-term memory storage.

Question 17

Deep processing may lead to improved memory performance because it facilitates retrieval. How exactly does this happen?

Accepted Answer

Deep processing forms many connections between the current item and previous knowledge, which creates more retrieval paths and increases the likelihood of successful retrieval. This is why deep processing can lead to improved memory performance. B and C are not accurate, and D is incorrect because deep processing actually forms more retrieval paths, not fewer.

Question 18

Although mnemonics can be helpful for remembering a small number of specific items (like a grocery list), they do have some drawbacks. One such problem is

Accepted Answer

Using a mnemonic involves a trade-off of attention, so that less attention is available for making the many memory connections that can help one understand the material. This can lead to a shallow understanding of the material, which may be problematic for more complex information.

Question 19

The memorizer plays an important role in memory acquisition. Which of the following is LEAST likely to have an effect on long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

IQ is not directly related to memory acquisition or retention. Prior knowledge, learning situation, and rehearsal strategies all have been shown to have an effect on long-term memory.

Question 20

Why is the term "working memory" now preferred over "short-term memory"?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is the term "working memory" now...

Quiz 5: The Acquisition of Memories and the Working-Memory System