Question 1

Which Flemish artist found favor at the French court as a portrait painter?

Accepted Answer

Clouet, also known as Jean Clouet, was a Flemish artist who found favor as a portrait painter at the French court in the 16th century. He was particularly known for his portraits of members of the French royal family.

Question 2

The elaborate steel armor with gold inlay made for George Clifford (Fig. 22-31) would have been

Accepted Answer

The elaborate steel armor with gold inlay made for George Clifford was designed for use in jousting competitions at festivals and public celebrations, showcasing both his status and skill.

Question 3

Dürer's work in which media led to his fame and fortune?

Accepted Answer

Dürer's work in graphic arts, particularly in woodcutting and etching, led to his fame and fortune. His prints were widely circulated throughout Europe and admired for their technical skill and attention to detail.

Question 4

Which category of painting became popular in the sixteenth century because, although it had no overt religious content, it could be seen as a reflection of God's works?

Accepted Answer

The category of painting that became popular in the sixteenth century because it could be seen as a reflection of God's works is landscapes, which often depicted the beauty and harmony of nature. This type of painting still had a religious element to it, as it showed the wonders of God's creation without explicitly depicting religious scenes or figures.

Question 5

What did Dürer openly express in Four Apostles (Fig. 22-9)?

Accepted Answer

Dürer openly expressed Lutheranism in Four Apostles. The painting features the four apostles - John, Peter, Mark, and Paul - and has inscriptions in German that convey Lutheran teachings.

Question 6

What technique, used by Martin Schongauer, did Dürer adapt to the woodcut medium in The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Fig. 22-7)?

Accepted Answer

Dürer adapted the technique of metal engraving, which he learned from studying the works of Martin Schongauer, to the woodcut medium in The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. This allowed for greater detail and precision in the woodcut image.

Question 7

Why did painters in the Netherlands begin producing smaller-scale paintings during the sixteenth century?

Accepted Answer

Patrons in the Netherlands began wanting paintings that were appropriate for their homes, which tended to be smaller in scale. The demand for smaller paintings led to artists producing works on a smaller scale.

Question 8

The format of Hieronymus Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights (Figs. 22-20 and 22-21), which was commissioned by an aristocrat for his Brussels townhouse, conforms to a long tradition of

Accepted Answer

The format of Hieronymus Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights conforms to the tradition of church altarpieces. The triptych format was commonly used for altarpieces, and the inclusion of religious themes and imagery also suggests its intended use in a religious context.

Question 9

What motivated the building of many lavish country residences in England during the sixteenth century?

Accepted Answer

The building of lavish country residences was motivated by newly titled aristocrats wanting to display their wealth and status. With new titles came new wealth, and the building of grand country houses was a way for the aristocracy to display their newfound status and power.

Question 10

How did Riemenschneider's Altarpiece of the Holy Blood (Fig. 22-3) differ from earlier German traditions for wooden sculpture?

Accepted Answer

Riemenschneider's Altarpiece of the Holy Blood differed from earlier German traditions by using natural finishes instead of the bright colors and gilding that were commonly used in wooden sculptures of that time.

Question 11

Foreign influence appears most prominently in what art form of sixteenth-century England?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Foreign influence appears most prominently in what...

Question 12

The text suggests that Dutch artist Caterina van Hemessen probably specialized in painting

Accepted Answer

The text states that Caterina van Hemessen was known for her portraits of women, and even painted a self-portrait. There is no mention of her specializing in religious subjects, botanical specimens, or moral allegories.

Question 13

How does the figure in Lucas Cranach the Elder's Nymph of the Spring (Fig. 22-10) compare to idealized nudes in Italian Renaissance paintings?

Accepted Answer

The figure in Cranach's Nymph of the Spring is different from idealized nudes in Italian Renaissance paintings as it shows a distinct conception of the figure in Germany. The figure has a heavier, more sensuous form, which is not typical of the idealized nudes in Italian Renaissance paintings.

Question 14

What image from the Isenheim Altarpiece (Figs. 22-5 and 22-6) emphasizes human emotion and suffering through Grünewald's graphic realism?

Accepted Answer

The image of the Crucifixion in the Isenheim Altarpiece emphasizes human emotion and suffering through Grünewald's graphic realism. The figure of Christ is depicted with a highly tortured body and a face twisted in agony, while the figures of the Virgin Mary and Saint John the Evangelist at the foot of the cross are also shown in a state of intense grief and anguish. The wounds inflicted upon Christ's body are shown in graphic detail, highlighting the physical toll of his suffering. This image is a powerful representation of the Christian belief in the redemptive power of suffering and has become one of the most iconic images of the altarpiece.

Question 15

Who built the Escorial (Fig. 22-17), the great monastery-palace complex outside Madrid?

Accepted Answer

The Escorial was built under the direction of King Philip II of Spain.

Question 16

Hans Holbein is best known for his

Accepted Answer

Hans Holbein is primarily known for his portraits of nobles and diplomats in the Tudor court, such as King Henry VIII and Sir Thomas More. While he did create engravings and woodcuts, and also worked on polychromed wooden sculptures, these are not his most famous works. He did not create a survey of art history detailing the lives of Northern artists.

Question 17

King Manuel I of Portugal commissioned Diogo de Arruda to create a church and sculpture in

Accepted Answer

King Manuel I of Portugal commissioned Diogo de Arruda to create the Church of São João Baptista and the sculpture of São Jorge in Tomar, showcasing the Manueline architectural style.

Question 18

What did Dürer encounter on his trip to Italy in 1494 that is clearly reflected in his Self-Portrait of 1500 (Fig. 22-1)?

Accepted Answer

Dürer encountered a conception of artists as noble intellectuals during his trip to Italy in 1494, which is reflected in his Self-Portrait of 1500. This is seen in the way he presents himself as a refined and learned individual, dressed in elegant clothing and posing with a serious and contemplative expression. This reflects the humanistic ideal of the artist as a cultivated and intellectual individual, which Dürer would have encountered during his time in Italy.

Question 19

What encouraged the development of a specialized art market in Antwerp?

Accepted Answer

The demand for luxury goods encouraged the development of a specialized art market in Antwerp.

Question 20

Bruegel's Return of the Hunters (Fig. 22-25) is one of a cycle that included six large paintings focused on the theme of

Accepted Answer

The painting is part of a cycle of six paintings focused on the theme of the months.

Quiz 22: Sixteenth-Century Art in Northern Europe and the Iberian Peninsula