Question 1

If you overheard a researcher say that "each of the three possible main effects in my study was highly significant," you could conclude that the analysis the researcher had conducted was:
A)a one-way,three-groups ANOVA
B)a 2-way ANOVA
C)a 3-way ANOVA
D)a test that had ruled out any statistical interactions

Accepted Answer

A 3-way ANOVA allows for the examination of three independent variables, which means there can be three main effects to analyze.

Question 2

Cathryn conducted an experiment that involved administering an anti-anxiety drug to people with a history of Generalized Anxiety Disorder.Participants received 0 mg,50 mg,or 100 mg of the drug.Which participants received a placebo?
A)The 50 mg condition
B)The 100 mg condition
C)The 0 mg condition
D)There was no placebo

Accepted Answer

In this experiment, the participants were given either 0 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg of the anti-anxiety drug. The 0 mg condition refers to the group that did not receive any of the drug, which means they received a placebo (an inactive substance that has no therapeutic effect). Therefore, the participants who received the placebo were in the 0 mg condition.

Question 3

To analyze the data from a 2 x 2 factorial experiment,you should conduct:
A)a t-test
B)a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
C)a four-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
D)a factorial analysis contingency test (FACT)

Accepted Answer

A two-way ANOVA is the appropriate choice for analyzing the data from a 2 x 2 factorial experiment. This allows for the examination of main effects of each independent variable as well as the interaction effect between the two variables. A t-test would not account for the potential interaction effect, and a 4-way ANOVA and factorial analysis contingency test are not justified for a 2 x 2 design.

Question 4

According to the text,carry-over effects are best controlled by:
A)reducing the number of conditions
B)making experimental tasks as brief as possible
C)varying the order of presentation of conditions
D)avoiding tasks that interfere with performance on a subsequent task

Accepted Answer

Varying the order of presentation of conditions can minimize the carry-over effects. This means that conditions or tasks should be presented in a counterbalanced order so that each condition occurs equally often in each position or order of presentation. This can help to ensure that any carry-over effects are evenly distributed across all conditions and do not systematically influence results. A, B, and D may also help to reduce carry-over effects but are not the best control method.

Question 5

If you plotted the results of a factorial study using lines whose slopes represents mean differences across different experimental conditions,the presence of a statistical interaction would show up in the form of:
A)lines that are separated by a statistically significant distance
B)lines that generally slope upwards
C)lines that generally slope downward
D)nonparallel lines

Accepted Answer

Nonparallel lines would indicate the presence of a statistical interaction, as the mean differences across experimental conditions would differ depending on the level of the other independent variable. If the lines were parallel, it would suggest that the factor levels have a consistent effect regardless of the level of the other factor.

Question 6

In the Gilbert et al.(1988)study of causal attribution discussed in the text,the researchers independently manipulated cognitive load (low vs.high)and discussion topics (anxiety-provoking vs.relaxing).Thus,the design of this study was:
A)a one-way,four-groups design
B)a Latin square factorial
C)a mixed-model design
D)a 2 x 2 factorial design

Accepted Answer

The study described has two independent variables: cognitive load (low vs. high) and discussion topics (anxiety-provoking vs. relaxing), thus making it a 2 x 2 design. This means that the participants were divided into four groups that received different combinations of the two variables, allowing the researchers to investigate the individual effects of each variable and their interaction on the outcome variable, which in this case was causal attribution.

Question 7

The major limitation of one-way experimental designs is that they only allow researchers to look at o_____ at a time.
A)control group
B)dependent variable
C)independent variable
D)type of participant

Accepted Answer

One-way experimental designs only vary one independent variable at a time, limiting the researcher's ability to examine the effects of multiple variables or interactions between them. The control group, dependent variable, and type of participant are not directly affected by the experimental design being one-way.

Question 8

Chloe conducted a 2 x 2 factorial study in which her independent variables were gender and frustration.Her dependent variable was verbal aggression.She found that frustration significantly increased verbal aggression in both women and men (to an equal degree).She also found that,on average,women engaged in significantly more verbal aggression than men did (regardless of frustration level).Chloe seems to have observed:
A)a gender x frustration interaction
B)a main effect of gender and a main effect of frustration
C)a main effect of frustration and a gender x frustration interaction
D)a gender interaction and a frustration interaction

Accepted Answer

Chloe's study showed a main effect of gender because regardless of frustration level, women consistently engaged in more verbal aggression than men. She also found a main effect of frustration because frustration increased verbal aggression in both men and women. There is no evidence of an interaction between gender and frustration, as frustration affected verbal aggression to an equal degree in both genders.

Question 9

The simplest possible kind of true experiment is:
A)a one-group design
B)a two-groups design
C)a one-way design
D)a 2 x 2 factorial design

Accepted Answer

The simplest possible kind of true experiment is a two-groups design, which involves randomly assigning participants to either an experimental group that receives a treatment or a control group that does not receive the treatment. This design allows for a comparison between the two groups and can help determine whether the treatment had a significant effect.

Question 10

When an effect exists at one level of a second independent variable but is weaker or nonexistent at a different level of the second independent variable,the observed pattern is referred to as a:
A)cross-over interaction
B)spreading interaction
C)simple main effect
D)factorial

Accepted Answer

A spreading interaction occurs when an effect is present at one level of a second independent variable but weaker or nonexistent at another level, indicating that the strength of the effect varies across levels of the second variable.

Question 11

How many cells (i.e. ,how many unique experimental conditions)are there in a 2 X 2 X 3 completely between-subjects factorial experiment?
A)6
B)7
C)12
D)There is no way to tell without knowing more about the design.

Accepted Answer

The number of cells in a completely between-subjects factorial experiment is obtained by multiplying the number of levels in each factor. Therefore, the number of cells in a 2 X 2 X 3 experiment is 2 × 2 × 3 = 12.

Question 12

In a 2 x 2 factorial study,what is the maximum number of main effects that you could possibly observe?
A)two
B)one
C)three
D)four

Accepted Answer

In a 2 x 2 factorial study, there are two independent variables, each with two levels. Therefore, you can observe a maximum of two main effects: one for each independent variable.

Question 13

A disordinal interaction is the same as:
A)a cross-over interaction
B)a spreading interaction
C)a two-way interaction
D)an interaction and two significant main effects

Accepted Answer

A disordinal interaction, also known as a cross-over interaction, is characterized by a pattern in which the groups being compared switch in rank order across levels of the other variable. This is in contrast to an ordinal (or parallel) interaction, in which the groups maintain their rank order across levels of the other variable.

Question 14

In her research on stereotyping,Efrat conducted a very large 2 x 2 (Target Gender x Judgmental Time Pressure)factorial study.She observed an interesting main effect of target gender.However,she did not observe a main effect of time pressure,and she did not observe any evidence for a significant interaction.Efrat's failure to observe a significant interaction could be thought of as evidence for:
A)the internal validity of her target gender effect
B)the external validity of her target gender effect
C)the lack of internal validity of her target gender effect
D)the lack of external validity of her target gender effect

Accepted Answer

The answer of In her research on stereotyping,Efrat conducted a...

Question 15

Simple effects tests are conducted to:
A)figure out the exact nature of a significant interaction
B)determine whether an apparent interaction is statistically significant
C)find out if an interaction replicates in a subset of a larger sample
D)determine if a lack of an interaction is due to a lack of statistical power

Accepted Answer

Simple effects tests are conducted to explore the specific differences or effects within an interaction, helping to understand the exact nature of a significant interaction observed in an ANOVA or similar statistical test.

Question 16

To find out whether participants figured out what was being manipulated in an experiment,an experimenter is most likely to use_________ immediately after participants have completed the study.
A)post-manipulation interview
B)feedback protocol
C)manipulation check
D)structured debriefing

Accepted Answer

Structured debriefing is used to determine if participants understood the manipulation and to ensure they leave without misconceptions.

Question 17

In comparison with purely between-subjects experimental designs,one drawback of purely within-subjects experimental designs is that:
A)they usually do not do as good a job of controlling for individual differences
B)they require the use of matching,which is very difficult to perform effectively
C)they open the door to problems such as sequence effects or carryover effects
D)they are usually more costly and time-consuming than between-subjects designs

Accepted Answer

Within-subjects designs expose participants to multiple conditions, potentially leading to sequence effects or carryover effects. These effects occur when a participant's response to a condition is influenced by their previous exposure to a different condition. Therefore, controlling for these effects is essential in within-subjects designs, which can be a drawback compared to between-subjects designs where individual differences are controlled by random assignment. However, matching is not necessary for within-subjects designs, and they are not necessarily more costly or time-consuming than between-subjects designs.

Question 18

A Latin square is one specific example of:
A)ideal counterbalancing
B)partial counterbalancing
C)complete counterbalancing
D)reverse counterbalancing

Accepted Answer

A Latin square is a method of partial counterbalancing used to control for order effects without using all possible orders.

Question 19

Is it possible for a statistical analysis to yield three main effects in a 2 x 2 factorial study?
A)No,because there are only two independent variables.
B)No,because there are only two cells in such a design.
C)Yes,but only if the test for an interaction is not significant.
D)Yes,but only if the test for an interaction is also significant.

Accepted Answer

In a 2 x 2 factorial study, there are two independent variables, each with two levels. This setup allows for the examination of two main effects (one for each independent variable) and one interaction effect between the two variables, not three main effects.

Question 20

Maurice conducted a 2 x 2 completely within-subjects experiment.He counterbalanced all of his within-subjects conditions by making use of 24 different orders.If he used 24 different orders,which form of counterbalancing must he have used?
A)reverse counterbalancing
B)an ideal Latin square
C)randomized comprehensive counterbalancing
D)complete counterbalancing

Accepted Answer

Complete counterbalancing involves using all possible orders to counterbalance within-subjects conditions. Therefore, if Maurice used 24 different orders, he must have used complete counterbalancing for his experiment.

Quiz 9: Choosing the Right Research Design

If you overheard a researcher say that "each of the three possible main effects in my study was highly significant," you could conclude that the analysis the researcher had conducted was:

Cathryn conducted an experiment that involved administering an anti-anxiety drug to people with a history of Generalized Anxiety Disorder.Participants received 0 mg,50 mg,or 100 mg of the drug.Which participants received a placebo?

To analyze the data from a 2 x 2 factorial experiment,you should conduct:

According to the text,carry-over effects are best controlled by:

If you plotted the results of a factorial study using lines whose slopes represents mean differences across different experimental conditions,the presence of a statistical interaction would show up in the form of:

In the Gilbert et al.(1988) study of causal attribution discussed in the text,the researchers independently manipulated cognitive load (low vs.high) and discussion topics (anxiety-provoking vs.relaxing) .Thus,the design of this study was:

The major limitation of one-way experimental designs is that they only allow researchers to look at o_____ at a time.

The simplest possible kind of true experiment is:

When an effect exists at one level of a second independent variable but is weaker or nonexistent at a different level of the second independent variable,the observed pattern is referred to as a:

How many cells (i.e. ,how many unique experimental conditions) are there in a 2 X 2 X 3 completely between-subjects factorial experiment?

In a 2 x 2 factorial study,what is the maximum number of main effects that you could possibly observe?

A disordinal interaction is the same as:

Simple effects tests are conducted to:

To find out whether participants figured out what was being manipulated in an experiment,an experimenter is most likely to use_________ immediately after participants have completed the study.

In comparison with purely between-subjects experimental designs,one drawback of purely within-subjects experimental designs is that:

A Latin square is one specific example of:

Is it possible for a statistical analysis to yield three main effects in a 2 x 2 factorial study?

Maurice conducted a 2 x 2 completely within-subjects experiment.He counterbalanced all of his within-subjects conditions by making use of 24 different orders.If he used 24 different orders,which form of counterbalancing must he have used?