Question 1

What did Mark Nathan Cohen conclude was a driving force that caused so many groups to abandon foraging and take up agriculture in a relatively short period of time?

Accepted Answer

Mark Nathan Cohen concluded that population increase was the driving force that caused so many groups to abandon foraging and take up agriculture in a relatively short period of time. With the increase in population, foraging became difficult to sustain, and agriculture provided a more reliable food source.

Question 2

Which of the following features can be attributed to swidden agriculture?

Accepted Answer

Swidden agriculture, also known as slash-and-burn agriculture, is a type of subsistence farming that involves cutting and burning trees and vegetation to cultivate crops. This type of agriculture typically involves small communities and simple occupational roles, such as farmers, hunters, and gatherers. It does not necessarily lead to the development of a military, educational systems, or feudalism.

Question 3

As human groups became more sedentary,what type of agriculture did they start to practice?

Accepted Answer

A

Question 4

Which of the following is a key organizational feature of hunting-and-gathering societies?

Accepted Answer

Hunting-and-gathering societies typically have an egalitarian social structure, meaning that there is no formal hierarchy or social classes. Instead, social roles are determined based on age, gender, and experience. This is because these societies rely on cooperation and sharing among all members in order to survive, rather than on individual accumulation of wealth or status. Agriculture, on the other hand, often leads to the development of hierarchies and social classes due to the ability to accumulate surplus resources. Multiculturalism refers to the presence of multiple cultures or ethnicities within a society and is not necessarily a key organizational feature of hunting-and-gathering societies.

Question 5

Lewis Henry Morgan theorized that human societies have evolved through three stages.What are those three stages?

Accepted Answer

According to Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of social evolution, human societies have passed through three stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization. These stages are based on the level of cultural and technological development achieved by the society. The savagery stage includes the early hunting and gathering societies, while the barbarism stage includes more developed agricultural and pastoral societies. The civilization stage is characterized by the emergence of complex societies with advanced technologies and organized political systems. Therefore, option C, "savagery, barbarism, civilization," is the correct choice.

Question 6

What did occupational specialization lead to an increase in?

Accepted Answer

Occupational specialization led to an increase in trade as individuals or groups focused on producing specific goods or services, leading to the need for exchange and trade with others who specialized in producing different goods or services.

Question 7

Lewis Henry Morgan and Leslie White both saw technological discovery and advancement as motivating factors in cultural evolution.What is a negative social consequence of both their theories?

Accepted Answer

Both Morgan and White's theories prioritize technological advancement as the driving force of cultural evolution, which may lead to the belief that human progress can only be measured through technological achievement. This can ignore other important aspects of cultural development, such as social and environmental factors.

Question 8

What types of cultures have become more vulnerable as a result of globalization and the assumption that economic trade is the means to improved standards of living?

Accepted Answer

Small egalitarian cultures are often overlooked in the rush to globalize economies and prioritize economic growth over cultural preservation. Their unique traditions and practices may not align with the goals of multinational corporations and governments seeking to exploit resources and labor for profit. As a result, small communities may become more vulnerable and marginalized in the face of globalization.

Question 9

Cotton from the United States was in great demand in Britain.What consequence did that have for people living in the United States?

Accepted Answer

The high demand for cotton in Britain led to an increase in cotton production in the United States, which in turn led to a greater need for land and labor. This resulted in the forced removal of Native American people from their ancestral lands and the expansion of slavery to meet the growing demand for cotton. Therefore, the consequence for people living in the United States was the forced removal off land.

Question 10

Which of the following is a cultural development attributed to agriculture?

Accepted Answer

The development of agriculture led to the formation of settled communities, which in turn led to the formation of extended family groups. With agriculture, people were able to produce a surplus and store food, which allowed them to support larger family groups for longer periods of time.

Question 11

In England,the growth of the textile industry resulted in the economic decline and colonization of India and China.What was another consequence of the same industrial growth?

Accepted Answer

The growth of the textile industry in England increased the demand for raw materials like cotton, which was often sourced from slave labor in the Americas, thus contributing to the increase in the slave trade.

Question 12

Approximately 10,000 years ago,what type and size of social group did most humans live in?

Accepted Answer

Approximately 10,000 years ago, humans lived in small nomadic groups of 30 to 100 people. This was during the Paleolithic era, also known as the Old Stone Age, and humans were hunter-gatherers who moved frequently in search of food and resources. As a result, they lived in small, mobile groups rather than sedentary settlements. The other answer choices are incorrect because they describe social arrangements that did not exist at this time in human history.

Question 13

Approximately how many hours a day did the Hadza people,from Tanzania in eastern Africa,spend obtaining food,according to the research conducted by James Woodburn in the 1960s?

Accepted Answer

James Woodburn's research found that the Hadza people spent about 2 hours a day on average gathering food, indicating that they had ample free time to engage in other activities such as socializing, storytelling, and leisurely pursuits.

Question 14

What did the industrial revolution in the United States depend on?

Accepted Answer

The industrial revolution in the United States heavily depended on slave labor, particularly in the Southern states, where it was crucial for the production of cotton, a key raw material for the textile industry.

Question 15

What societal organization would be found amongst a group practicing swidden agriculture?

Accepted Answer

Swidden agriculture, also known as slash-and-burn agriculture, is a form of farming that involves clearing and burning small plots of land for cultivation. This type of agriculture is typically practiced by small kinship-based groups who rely on subsistence farming. As such, the societal organization that would be found amongst a group practicing swidden agriculture is a small kinship-based group.

Question 16

What feature was typical of larger,more sedentary,groups but not smaller nomadic groups?

Accepted Answer

Smaller nomadic groups typically do not have formal leadership, while larger, more sedentary groups often develop a hierarchy with leaders or chiefs in charge. The other options, such as a merchant class or banking system, are not necessarily exclusive to larger groups and could potentially exist in smaller groups as well. Egalitarian systems also often exist in more traditional and small-scale societies, regardless of group size.

Question 17

In early hunting-and-gathering groups,what was the main organizing principle?

Accepted Answer

In early hunting-and-gathering groups, the main organizing principle was kinship, as people were organized around family ties and relationships. Other forms of political organization, such as states or chiefdoms, did not emerge until later in human history.

Question 18

Worldwide,what percentage of deaths can be attributed to environmental factors such as organic and chemical pollutants?

Accepted Answer

Environmental factors such as organic and chemical pollutants are estimated to contribute to approximately 40% of deaths worldwide.

Question 19

During his research amongst the Ju/′hoansi,what did Richard Lee conclude was their major source of food?

Accepted Answer

Richard Lee concluded that mongongo nuts were the major source of food for the Ju/′hoansi people during his research.

Question 20

What is one reason given for the small,mobile,and simple political and social organization of early hunting-and-gathering groups?

Accepted Answer

Early hunting-and-gathering groups were highly mobile as they relied on hunting and foraging for their food. Therefore, they needed to be able to move quickly and easily to follow herds and find new sources of food. A small and simple social organization also allowed for flexibility and quick decision-making. Larger and more complex groups would have been difficult to sustain in a nomadic lifestyle.

Quiz 2: The Meaning of Progress and Development