Question 1

Self-esteem tends to decline during elementary school because children:

Accepted Answer

During elementary school, children are exposed to more situations where they can realistically compare their abilities to their peers, which can lead to a decline in self-esteem. They are also often evaluated and receive feedback on their performance, which can impact their self-perception. Factors such as discipline and learned helplessness may also play a role, but are not as significant as the comparison to peers.

Question 2

Shame, or the feeling of personal humiliation, causes people to want to:

Accepted Answer

Shame leads to a desire for isolation and withdrawal from others in order to avoid further humiliation or social rejection.

Question 3

The text states that cyberbullying is emotionally worse for a child than traditional bullying.

Accepted Answer

The text explicitly states that cyberbullying "can be more emotionally damaging for kids than traditional bullying."

Question 4

Relational aggression may help girls ascend into a popular group.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that relational aggression, such as rumors, social exclusion or gossiping, can be a tool for girls to climb the social ladder and become popular. However, this behavior can also lead to negative consequences, such as social isolation or psychological distress.

Question 5

"Being popular" is the same thing as "having a friend."

Accepted Answer

Being popular refers to having a large number of people who know and admire you, while having a friend refers to having a deeper connection and relationship with one person. These two concepts are not the same.

Question 6

Which of the following is the most prevalent childhood health condition?

Accepted Answer

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent childhood health condition, affecting around 5-11% of children worldwide. Autistic disorder and autism spectrum disorder are a type of neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication and social interaction, but their prevalence is lower than ADHD. Autoimmune disorders are a group of conditions where the immune system attacks healthy cells in the body, and they are not typically considered a prevalent childhood health condition.

Question 7

The capacity to manage feelings so that they do not interfere with a productive life is called:

Accepted Answer

Emotion regulation refers to the capacity to manage emotions so that they do not interfere with a person's ability to function effectively in daily life. This involves strategies such as adjusting one's thoughts and actions to control emotional responses, and processing emotions in a healthy and productive way. Choice A, externalizing tendency, refers to a tendency to externalize one's emotions by lashing out or acting impulsively. Choice B, internalizing tendency, refers to a tendency to internalize emotions, leading to feelings of sadness or depression. Choice D, cognitive reconstruction, refers to a therapeutic technique used to reframe negative thought patterns and beliefs.

Question 8

Unpopular children almost always have trouble succeeding as adults.

Accepted Answer

While it may be more difficult for unpopular children to succeed in certain areas, such as social interactions and leadership roles, it is not a guarantee that they will struggle as adults. Success is determined by many factors and depends on a variety of individual circumstances, including education, career choices, and personal relationships. Additionally, some people who struggle socially as children may develop important skills and perspectives that give them an advantage as adults, such as high emotional intelligence and empathy.

Question 9

Children who believe they are powerless to affect their fate, and so give up, feeling that they should not try to succeed, have developed:

Accepted Answer

Children who give up and stop trying to succeed because they feel powerless to affect their fate have developed learned helplessness. The term "learned" indicates that this behavior is a result of past experiences, and "helplessness" refers to the belief that there is nothing one can do to improve or change the situation. Externalizing tendencies refer to a pattern of behavior where individuals attribute their problems or difficulties to external factors, while compensatory surrender and discounting are not relevant to this scenario.

Question 10

Children who act on their immediate emotions and behave aggressively have:

Accepted Answer

Children who act on their immediate emotions and behave aggressively have externalizing tendencies. This means that they tend to externalize their feelings through aggressive, impulsive, and disruptive behaviors.

Question 11

Friendships help teach children how to relate as adults.

Accepted Answer

Friendships are an important part of a child's social development and can teach skills such as communication, empathy, and conflict resolution, which are all valuable for relating to others as adults.

Question 12

Who tends to be bullied MOST often?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that socially anxious children who do not fight back tend to be targeted for bullying more often than aggressive children or those who stand up for themselves. Both boys and girls can be victims of bullying, but studies show that girls are more likely to experience relational aggression (such as exclusion or spreading rumors) while boys are more likely to experience physical aggression. However, it is important to emphasize that bullying can happen to anyone regardless of age, gender, or other personal characteristics.

Question 13

Which is MOST helpful in relieving the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a school setting?

Accepted Answer

Regular recess breaks and presenting tasks in a gaming format have been shown to be effective in reducing hyperactivity and improving attention in children with ADHD. Providing a noise-free environment can also be helpful, but is not as effective as the other strategies. Sitting in a classroom and learning to focus for long periods of time can be challenging for children with ADHD, and power-assertive discipline has been shown to be ineffective and potentially harmful.

Question 14

Peter is at his life's peak age for physical aggression. Peter is MOST likely about _____ years old.

Accepted Answer

Physical aggression peaks in early childhood, around 2 to 4 years of age, and tends to decrease as children grow older and learn more social and emotional skills.

Question 15

Efforts to reduce school bullying focus on helping bullied children stand up for themselves.

Accepted Answer

Efforts to reduce school bullying should focus on addressing the root causes of bullying and creating a safe and supportive school environment. Simply teaching children to stand up for themselves may not be effective in all situations and can put the burden on the victim rather than the perpetrator.

Question 16

Children's friendships are based on common interests and loyalty.

Accepted Answer

Children typically form friendships with those who share common interests and engage in activities together. They also value loyalty in their friendships, such as sticking up for each other and being there in times of need.

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE regarding obesity?

Accepted Answer

Rapid weight gain during infancy is a strong risk factor for developing obesity later in life.

Answer: C
 The prevalence of obesity has increased in all age groups, including preschool-aged children.

Neither option A nor option D is true.

Question 18

Five-year-old Matthew kicked Jason when Jason threatened to take Matthew's snack. Matthew is demonstrating _____ aggression.

Accepted Answer

Matthew's aggression is reactive, meaning it is a response to a perceived threat or provocation. It is not premeditated or intended to achieve a specific goal, which would be the case with instrumental aggression. It is also not directed towards damaging social relationships, which is characteristic of relational aggression. While the aggression can be seen as hostile, that term is often used for more severe or intentional forms of aggression.

Question 19

When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Samantha answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are MOST likely _____ children, and Samantha is describing their friendship in terms of _____ qualities.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When asked to explain why Josie is...

Question 20

Children who are incredibly anxious, timid, and frightened:

Accepted Answer

Children who are incredibly anxious, timid, and frightened are described as having internalizing tendencies, which means they direct their emotions and behaviors inward.

Quiz 6: Middle Childhood