Question 1

Fatma's 1-year-old daughter still hasn't begun to walk. The BEST conclusion is that this:

Accepted Answer

It is normal for some children to begin walking as late as 18 months, and there is no cause for concern unless there are other developmental delays or warning signs.

Question 2

Which statement is one Piaget would make about the sensorimotor stage?

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that during the sensorimotor stage, infants learn through circular reactions. These are repetitive actions that allow them to explore their surroundings and develop new skills. Option A is incorrect because Piaget believed that social development occurs primarily in later stages. Option B is incorrect because Piaget believed that symbolic thought and language begin to develop toward the end of this stage. Option D is incorrect because Piaget believed that children can stay in the sensorimotor stage until around 2 years old, but age does not necessarily determine the end of this stage.

Question 3

Hal remarks, "Asian people look so much alike." After reading the text, Elise should explain that:

Accepted Answer

Hal's remark reflects a phenomenon known as the "other-race effect," where individuals are better at recognizing faces of their own race than those of other races. This ability is shaped early in life, influenced by the races one is most exposed to. It's not inherently about prejudice learned in school or a statement about one's character but about exposure and perceptual learning.

Question 4

Professor Plott, an expert on Piaget, is giving a guest lecture on circular reactions. Which statement should she make?

Accepted Answer

Circular reactions are how babies repeat actions to learn about their environment, and therefore, through these reactions, babies discover how the world works.

Question 5

Douglas, a 1-year-old baby, throws his spoon off the highchair tray in different directions, just to see where it lands. Douglas is showing:

Accepted Answer

Douglas is demonstrating little-scientist behaviors, which are part of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development in infants, where they experiment with objects in their environment to see the outcomes, much like a scientist conducting experiments.

Question 6

Baby Mamie has recently discovered the outside world. She now bats the mobile over her crib for hours. According to Piaget, this behavior is a secondary circular reaction and Mamie is probably _____ old.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory, a secondary circular reaction occurs between the ages of 4 to 5 months. Additionally, the behavior of batting the mobile over her crib suggests that Mamie is exploring her environment and discovering cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 7

If a 6-foot-tall 3-month-old baby boy walked into the classroom after everyone had read this chapter, which is an impression students would have?

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a 6-foot-tall 3-month-old baby boy walked...

Question 8

Joshua, at 4 months, is just beginning to move around. During the next few months Joshua will:

Accepted Answer

As babies develop new motor skills, they often show ingenuity and creativity in finding ways to master them, such as rolling over, crawling or reaching for objects. While some infants may be more cautious than others, intense fear would not be a typical response during this stage of development. Additionally, babies can learn new skills from a variety of sources, not just their mothers.

Question 9

Generalizing from the research, which 1-year-old may be visually wired to be MOST prejudiced as an adult?

Accepted Answer

The research suggests that infants exposed to fewer faces of people from different races are more likely to develop stronger race-based preferences as they age. Therefore, Sara, who lives in an eastern European orphanage and potentially has limited exposure to people of different races, may be visually wired to be most prejudiced as an adult. Ramon, who lives in New York City, is likely exposed to a diverse range of people and cultures, which may reduce the potential for prejudiced attitudes. Sonya, who was adopted from an eastern European orphanage at a young age, may have had increased exposure to diversity and may not develop strong prejudiced attitudes as an adult.

Question 10

Marta says, "Recently, I am beginning to see my little boy as an individual with his own ideas. I now find myself getting angry and disciplining him." The MOST likely reason for these feelings is that the baby:

Accepted Answer

Marta's feelings are most likely due to her baby beginning to crawl, which is a developmental milestone that signifies increased independence and mobility. This newfound independence can lead to situations where the child explores environments that may not be safe or does things that go against the parent's wishes, leading to discipline and frustration on the part of the parent.

Question 11

The body part that grows most during childhood is the _____.

Accepted Answer

The legs are the body part that grows the most during childhood. This is because as children learn to walk and run, their bones and muscles need to grow and develop to support the weight and movement of their bodies. In fact, the legs can grow up to 1.5 inches per year during early childhood. While other body parts such as the head, eyes, and ears also grow during childhood, they do not experience as much growth as the legs.

Question 12

Six-month-old Nestor adores his electronic baby seat and spends hours bouncing his legs hard to see the lights flash on and off. Nestor's behavior is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Nestor's behavior is an example of a secondary circular reaction, which occurs in the sensorimotor stage of development (typically between 4 and 8 months of age). This stage involves the repetition of actions that extend beyond the infant's own body and involve the manipulation of external objects or effects, such as bouncing to make lights flash.

Question 13

A micromanaging mother wants to predict if her young baby might be academically gifted. Which is the BEST early sign for the mother to look for?

Accepted Answer

None of the previous signs can accurately predict later academic giftedness. Looking at faces and finding the mother's breast are instinctive behaviors for newborns, and walking at an early age is not necessarily an indicator of academic ability. It is important for parents to foster a supportive and stimulating learning environment for their child and allow them to develop at their own pace.

Question 14

When babies _____, MOST parents begin disciplining them.

Accepted Answer

Disciplining often starts when babies become mobile, such as when they begin to crawl, because this is when they start exploring their environment and may encounter situations where boundaries need to be set for their safety and to start teaching them about acceptable behavior.

Question 15

Which statement best describes the relationship between walking early and later intelligence test scores?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the timing of early milestones like walking does not reliably predict later intelligence test scores, indicating no significant relationship between these two factors.

Question 16

During the little-scientist phase, babies engage in:

Accepted Answer

During the little-scientist phase, babies engage in tertiary circular reactions, which involve experimenting with new behaviors to see the results, typically occurring around 12 to 18 months of age.

Question 17

If a psychology professor is explaining the difference between primary and secondary circular reactions, which statement should he make?

Accepted Answer

Primary circular reactions are centered only on the baby's body, whereas secondary circular reactions revolve around objects in the external world. Secondary circular reactions are not more important or advanced than primary circular reactions, but rather represent a new level of cognitive development in infants. Primary circular reactions can become secondary circular reactions if they persist and involve objects in the environment.

Question 18

Which body part of a baby is MOST similar to its adult size?

Accepted Answer

The head is the body part of a baby that is most similar to its adult size. At birth, a baby's head accounts for about 25% of their total body length and will grow only a few centimeters during their first year of life. In contrast, the baby's arms, chest, and legs will grow significantly more in the first few years of life.

Question 19

Which is the correct sequence of motor milestones?

Accepted Answer

The correct sequence of motor milestones in infants typically starts with lifting the head, followed by pivoting the upper body, and then sitting independently.

Question 20

When does depth perception or fear of heights fully develop?

Accepted Answer

Depth perception and fear of heights develop around the time babies become mobile, which is typically around 6-8 months of age.

Quiz 3: Infancy: Physical and Cognitive Development