Question 1

Which is an example of episodic memory?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory involves recalling specific events or experiences, such as what you had for dinner on a particular day.

Question 2

Who is using ONLY selection and optimization to help memory?

Accepted Answer

Jing is using both selection (focusing on what he needs to remember most) and optimization (taking special time to remember those facts) to help his memory. The other options are either only using selection (Kathy) or optimization (Lala) or not using either (Dembe).

Question 3

If your aunt has Alzheimer's disease, which memory will remain longest?

Accepted Answer

While Alzheimer's disease affects memory and cognitive function, often resulting in memory loss, certain memories related to emotions and sensations may be retained longer. The memory of what it feels like to be kissed is an emotional and sensory memory that may persist longer than other types of memories.

Question 4

Dr. Koror is a 68-year-old college professor. His memory is getting worse, but he wants to continue working at a high level. Based on Baltes's selective optimization with compensation model, Dr. Koror should:

Accepted Answer

According to the selective optimization with compensation model, individuals can maintain their high level of performance by selecting which aspects of their life are most important to them, optimizing those aspects, and compensating for any losses in other areas. Thus, Dr. Koror should choose which aspect of his job he likes best, teaching or research, and then work especially hard at that task. He can also compensate for any memory loss by using strategies such as note-taking or using technology to aid his memory. It is important for Dr. Koror to recognize his limitations and make adjustments, but it is not necessary for him to retire or only teach night classes.

Question 5

Which developmental science term is most similar to semantic memory?

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory refers to a person's general knowledge about the world, including concepts, facts, and language. Crystallized knowledge is also a type of long-term memory that involves learned information and skills acquired over time. Both terms refer to a person's accumulated knowledge and experience.

Question 6

_____ memory resides in a lower-brain center, and stays intact even into Alzheimer's disease.

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory resides in the basal ganglia and stays intact even in individuals with Alzheimer's disease. This type of memory involves skills and habits, such as riding a bike or tying your shoes, and is stored in a different part of the brain than episodic and semantic memories. Easy is not a recognized type of memory.

Question 7

Remembering the name of your town is in _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory refers to our general knowledge or facts about the world, including information about places, people, and things. Remembering the name of your town is a type of semantic memory as it involves recalling factual information. Episodic memory is for recalling personal events, procedural memory is for remembering how to perform specific tasks, and fluid memory is not a recognized term.

Question 8

Knowing how to dress is in _____ memory, the most resilient memory system.

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory is responsible for knowing how to perform tasks and actions, such as dressing, which do not require conscious thought.

Question 9

According to the information-processing perspective, an issue impairing later-life memory is that:

Accepted Answer

The information-processing perspective suggests that the executive processor, which is responsible for organizing and integrating information, may not function as effectively in later-life memory. This can lead to difficulty in encoding, storing, and retrieving information. This is supported by research showing age-related declines in working memory and attention control, which are both functions of the executive processor.

Question 10

Which is the order of memory systems from MOST fragile to MOST enduring?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory is the most fragile as it is related to personal experiences and is highly susceptible to distortion and forgetting. Semantic memory is more enduring than episodic memory as it contains general knowledge and concepts that are not tied to personal experience. Procedural memory is the most enduring as it is related to skills and learned actions that can become automatic over time. Therefore, the order from most fragile to most enduring is episodic memory, semantic memory, and procedural memory, which is represented in choice C.

Question 11

Which is a neuroscience finding relating to memory and age?

Accepted Answer

The neuroscience finding relating to memory and age is that when the memory task is difficult, the elderly brain shifts to underactivation. This means that as people age, their brain does not work as efficiently in memory tasks that require greater effort and attention. This underactivation is thought to be related to age-related declines in the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for executive functions such as attention and working memory.

Question 12

The MAIN physiological cause of later-life memory impairments is neural loss in the _____.

Accepted Answer

The frontal lobes play a crucial role in memory processes such as encoding, storage, and retrieval. Neural loss in this area is associated with age-related memory impairments, such as difficulty with working memory, multitasking, and remembering details of recent events.

Question 13

Dr. Korir is 68. His health is deteriorating, but he wants to continue performing surgery. Based on Baltes's principles of selective optimization with compensation Dr. Korir should:

Accepted Answer

According to Baltes's principle of selective optimization with compensation, Dr. Korir should focus on his strengths (surgery) and compensate for his weaknesses (deteriorating health) by optimizing his performance in surgery and reducing the number of surgeries he performs each week. This approach allows him to continue working in his field of interest, while also taking care of his health. Retirement may not be necessary, as he may still be able to perform surgery at a high level with some adaptations. Ignoring his health problems or caring less about performing well may lead to negative outcomes for his patients and himself.

Question 14

Which is an example of semantic memory?

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory is the part of long-term memory that contains general knowledge, such as facts, ideas, concepts, and the names of objects or people. Recalling the name of your significant other is an example of semantic memory.

Question 15

Which is NOT an example of procedural memory?

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory involves recalling how to perform a specific task or skill, such as typing, eating, or reciting the Pledge of Allegiance. Remembering the name of one's spouse involves semantic memory, which is the ability to recall facts and general knowledge.

Question 16

Which are the two MOST enduring memory systems?

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory (skills and tasks) and semantic memory (facts and general knowledge) are the most enduring, often remaining intact even when other memory systems like episodic memory (personal experiences) deteriorate with age or neurological conditions.

Question 17

What is the BEST key to easily remembering material?

Accepted Answer

Making information emotionally vivid has been shown to be one of the best ways to remember material. When we attach emotions to information, it becomes more meaningful and easier to recall.

Question 18

Neuroscientists find that when older adults memorize easy material, they activate _____ regions of the frontal cortex.

Accepted Answer

Neuroscientists have found that when older adults memorize easier material, they activate larger regions of the frontal cortex compared to younger adults. This suggests that older adults have to work harder to maintain the same level of memory performance as younger adults.

Question 19

Which is the most fragile memory system?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory is the most fragile memory system because it involves the recall of specific events or experiences in the past, which are more susceptible to forgetting or distortion than other types of memories. Episodic memories are also more dependent on contextual cues, which can change or fade over time, making retrieval more difficult. Other memory systems, such as semantic and procedural memory, are more robust and have greater resistance to forgetting or interference. Short-term memory is also a less fragile memory system, but its capacity is limited, and information is quickly lost if not rehearsed or transferred to long-term memory.

Question 20

In giving difficult, timed memory tasks to older adults, neuroscientists find _____ activation.

Accepted Answer

Older adults tend to show minimal activation in the frontal lobes during difficult, timed memory tasks, which may be a contributing factor to age-related memory decline.

Quiz 13: Later Life: Cognitive and Socioemotional Development