Dispersing the Performance of Value Chain Activities to Many Different

Dispersing the performance of value chain activities to many different countries rather than concentrating them in a few country locations tends to be advantageous

A) when high transportation costs make it expensive to operate from central locations.
B) whenever buyer-related activities are best performed in locations close to buyers.
C) if diseconomies of large size exist, thereby making it more economical to perform an activity on a smaller scale in several different locations.
D) when it is desirable to hedge against (1) the risks of fluctuating exchange rates (such risks are greater when activities are concentrated in a single location) or (2) supply interruptions (due to strikes, mechanical failures, or transportation delays) or (3) adverse political developments.
E) All of the above.