Question 1

OCD means:

Accepted Answer

OCD stands for Obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is a mental health condition which affects a person's thoughts and behavior, leading to obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors that they feel compelled to perform repeatedly.

Question 2

Around one person in ___is diagnosed as having bipolar depression:

Accepted Answer

Around one person in 100 is diagnosed as having bipolar depression, indicating a prevalence rate of about 1% in the general population.

Question 3

The social competition hypothesis of depression was proposed by:

Accepted Answer

The social competition hypothesis of depression was proposed by J. Price. This hypothesis suggests that depression can be understood as a response to social defeat or failure to achieve a desired rank within a social hierarchy, leading to withdrawal and a decrease in motivation for social competition.

Question 4

According to Nesse and Williams two aspects of our lives that increase levels of depression are:

Accepted Answer

Nesse and Williams argue that mass communication and the disintegration of communities are two aspects of modern life that contribute to increased levels of depression. These factors can lead to feelings of isolation and a lack of social support, which are known to be risk factors for depression.

Question 5

Amenorrhea refers to:

Accepted Answer

Amenorrhea refers to the stopping of the menstrual cycle, usually for several months or more. It can be caused by a variety of factors such as pregnancy, menopause, hormonal imbalances, excessive exercise, and eating disorders.

Question 6

Life on Earth has existed for well over:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Life on Earth has existed for well...

Question 7

Nesse and Williams explain high levels of anxiety by the:

Accepted Answer

Nesse and Williams explain high levels of anxiety by the Smoke detector principle, which suggests that anxiety is an evolutionarily adaptive response that warns individuals of potential danger or threats in their environment, similar to a smoke detector warning of potential fire.

Question 8

Prozac boosts levels of:

Accepted Answer

Prozac is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), which means it increases the levels of serotonin in the brain by blocking its reuptake, resulting in more serotonin being available for communication between neurons.

Question 9

Schizophrenia occurs in what percentage of the population:

Accepted Answer

Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide, so 1.5% is the closest estimate among the given options.

Question 10

Conventional medicine seeks to understand:

Accepted Answer

Conventional medicine focuses on understanding both the etiology (the cause) and the pathogenesis (the development) of a disease or condition. It seeks to identify both the underlying cause of a condition and the way it progresses in the body, in order to develop effective treatments. While understanding the meaning of life may be a goal for some practitioners, it is not a primary focus of conventional medicine.

Question 11

Which evolutionist (s) suggested abnormal patterns of lateralisation are related to the development of schizophrenia:

Accepted Answer

Crow was the evolutionist who suggested that abnormal patterns of lateralisation, specifically reduced left hemisphere dominance, are related to the development of schizophrenia. McGuire also studied lateralisation in schizophrenia, but did not propose abnormal patterns were related to its development. Stevens and Price and Nesse and Williams focused on other aspects of evolution and mental health.

Question 12

Stephen Ilardi et al. developed a 14-week six-step treatment regime for depression that reportedly led to a ______ success rate for those undertaking the regime compared with ______ for a control sample.

Accepted Answer

The question states that the treatment regime led to a higher success rate compared to a control sample. Option C is the only choice with a higher success rate for the treatment regime (75.3%) and a lower success rate for the control sample (22%).

Question 13

The part of the immune system that is found in the blood consists of an army of specially adapted white cells called:

Accepted Answer

The part of the immune system found in the blood is the cellular or humoral immune system, which is made up of white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are specialized cells that can recognize and attack specific pathogens and are essential for maintaining immunity. Antipyretics are medications used to reduce fever, rhinoviruses are a type of virus that can cause the common cold, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically targeting lymphocytes.

Question 14

The 4 suggested evolutionary arguments as to why modern day humans have psychiatric problems are:

Accepted Answer

The correct evolutionary arguments are pleiotropy, time-lag, compromise, and trait variation. These concepts explain how certain traits that may lead to psychiatric problems could have been advantageous or neutral in past environments.

Question 15

A recent World Health Organization report suggests that depression affects ____________ people worldwide and that it is currently the world's ______ most common cause of morbidity:

Accepted Answer

The report suggests that depression affects 350 million people worldwide and that it is currently the world's third-most common cause of morbidity.

Question 16

The diathesis-stress model of mental illness means that it is caused:

Accepted Answer

The diathesis-stress model proposes that mental illness is caused by a combination of a genetic predisposition (diathesis) and environmental stressors. This model suggests that some people may have a higher genetic susceptibility to certain mental illnesses, and that these genetic factors interact with stressful life events or experiences to trigger the onset of the illness.

Question 17

McGuire, Raleigh and Troisi have uncovered evidence of a relationship between mood and status in vervet monkeys, which is mediated by the neurotransmitter:

Accepted Answer

McGuire, Raleigh, and Troisi's research suggests that there is a relationship between mood and status in vervet monkeys, and they observed that this relationship is mediated by serotonin. This neurotransmitter plays a key role in regulating mood and social behavior in many species, including humans.

Question 18

Sickle-cell anaemia is kept in the population due to:

Accepted Answer

Sickle-cell anaemia is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene, resulting in abnormal hemoglobin molecules that can cause the characteristic sickle-shaped red blood cells. However, individuals who carry one copy of the mutated gene (heterozygotes) have a survival advantage in areas where malaria is prevalent, as the sickle-shaped cells can help prevent the malaria parasite from infecting them. This is known as heterozygous advantage – the survival advantage of having one copy of the mutated gene in a population where certain environmental pressures exist. As a result, the sickle-cell allele is kept in the population even though homozygotes (those with two copies of the mutated gene) suffer from sickle cell anaemia.

Question 19

The sexual competition hypothesis suggests anorexia nervosa is driven by:

Accepted Answer

The sexual competition hypothesis suggests that anorexia nervosa is driven by high levels of female/female competition. This competition is thought to be particularly intense when it comes to attracting a mate, and anorexic behaviors (such as extreme dieting and weight loss) may be seen as ways for women to gain an advantage in the competition.

Question 20

During the early stages of pregnancy women are most likely to become aversive to:

Accepted Answer

During the early stages of pregnancy, women are more likely to develop an aversion to meat. This is believed to be an evolutionary response to protect the developing fetus from potential toxins and pathogens in meat that could harm it during the critical early stages of development.

Quiz 12: Evolutionary Psychopathology and Darwinian Medicine