The Corporate Governance Failure at Volkswagen in 2015 Included All

The corporate governance failure at Volkswagen in 2015 included all of the following except

A) a strong independent board of directors that was responsible for making independent judgments about the validity and wisdom of management's proposed strategic actions.
B) inadequate monitoring of the CEO and other senior executives.
C) fraudulent defeat devices that enabled diesel vehicles to pass stringent emissions tests.
D) ineffective oversight of the accounting principles employed to accurately determine earnings.
E) the company policy that precluded former executives from serving on its board.