Question 1

As you walk to your third class of the day,you pass Amanda again.You politely say "Hi," and then think to yourself that you have already seen Amanda three times today.This demonstrates that you have automatically processed information related to

Accepted Answer

The fact that the person has noticed seeing Amanda multiple times already today indicates that their brain has automatically processed the frequency of encountering her.

Question 2

Learning how to write in cursive took great effort on Shane's part as a child.Now,with practice,it has become

Accepted Answer

The use of the word "practice" implies that Shane has repeated writing in cursive enough times to create a habit or automatic response. Therefore, the best choice is B, which describes an action that has become automatic.

Question 3

As a child,Megan devoted years to learning how to read.As an adult,she effortlessly understands the sentences in a novel,which she reads at a pace of nearly 400 words per minute.Her adult reading speed best highlights the value of

Accepted Answer

Megan's effortless understanding and fast reading pace suggest that she has developed automatic processing for reading, which is the ability to process information quickly and without conscious effort. This is a learned skill that is developed through practice and repetition, which Megan likely did as a child when she was learning how to read.

Question 4

By showing people three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second,Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Sperling's experiment demonstrated that people have iconic memory, which is the visual sensory memory that is retained briefly after a visual stimulus has been removed. Working memory refers to the temporary storage and manipulation of information that is actively being processed. Implicit memory refers to the unconscious learning and retrieval of information, while procedural memory refers to the memory of how to perform motor skills and procedures.

Question 5

Four-year-old Aaron doesn't recall ever seeing a hypodermic needle,and he can't remember the series of painful injections he received when he was a 2-year-old.When shown a hypodermic needle,however,he reacted with a classically conditioned fear response.Aaron's fear reaction indicates that he retains a(n)________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Aaron's fear reaction is a classically conditioned response, which is a type of implicit memory. This means that even though he may not consciously remember the injections or the needle, his brain has formed an association between the sight of the needle and the pain he experienced. Therefore, he retains an implicit memory of the event. Iconic and echoic memories refer to sensory memories for visual and auditory stimuli, respectively, which are not relevant in this scenario. Procedural memory refers to memory for how to perform specific tasks or skills, which is also not relevant in this scenario.

Question 6

We typically encode explicit memories by means of

Accepted Answer

Explicit memories require effortful processing, which involves actively working to encode and retain information. This can include repetition, elaboration, organization, and other cognitive strategies. Classical conditioning (A), sequential processing (C), and automatic processing (D) are more likely to be involved in forming implicit memories.

Question 7

Effortful processing is to automatic processing as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

Effortful processing and explicit memory are both conscious and intentional, while automatic processing and implicit memory are both unconscious and unintentional. Encoding and retrieval are both part of the same memory process, and the spacing effect and testing effect are both strategies for improving memory retention, but they are not directly related to the difference between effortful and automatic processing. Short-term and long-term memory are both types of memory storage but do not represent the difference between conscious and unconscious processing.

Question 8

Conscious memories of facts and experiences are called ________ memories.

Accepted Answer

Conscious memories of facts and experiences are called explicit memories. Echoic memory is a type of sensory memory that involves auditory information. Procedural memory is a type of long-term memory that involves remembering how to do things, such as tying your shoes. Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory that involves visual information.

Question 9

Sensory memory is

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is the stage of memory that captures raw sensory information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time (usually a few seconds or less) in order to allow the brain to process the information. It is very limited in duration (i.e. only lasts a few seconds) and capacity (can only hold a small amount of sensory information at a time). Therefore, choice C is the correct answer as it describes this immediate, brief recording of sensory information.

Question 10

Unconsciously encoding incidental information regarding space,time,and frequency best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing is the unconscious encoding of incidental information, including information about space, time, and frequency. This type of processing occurs without conscious effort and without interfering with other mental activities. Working memory involves the active manipulation of information in the conscious mind, while the spacing effect and mnemonics are conscious memory strategies.

Question 11

During the course of a day,people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing refers to unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as the sequence of events in a day.

Question 12

Experimental participants demonstrated _________ memory of letters flashed for one-twentieth of a second if a high,medium,or low tone was sounded immediately _________ the letters were flashed.

Accepted Answer

The participants demonstrated better memory when a tone was sounded immediately after the letters were flashed. Therefore, options A and B can be eliminated as they suggest worse memory. Option C can also be eliminated as it suggests that the tone was sounded before the letters were flashed, which is not the case. Thus, the correct answer is D.

Question 13

While reading highly familiar words at a very rapid speed,Carla effortlessly understands almost every word.This ability highlights the importance of

Accepted Answer

Carla's ability to rapidly read and understand highly familiar words suggests that she is able to process the information automatically, without having to consciously think about each individual word. This is an example of automatic processing, which is an important cognitive process in reading comprehension.

Question 14

The original Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage information-processing model did not consider the formation of

Accepted Answer

The original Atkinson-Shiffrin model only included sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. It did not consider the formation of implicit memories, which are formed through automatic processing without conscious awareness.

Question 15

When you first learned how to drive a car,you probably concentrated on what you were doing and put great effort into driving.Now,after driving for several years,it has become a(n)________ process.

Accepted Answer

As the sentence suggests, driving has become an automatic process for someone who has been driving for several years. They no longer have to put in the same level of effort or concentration as they did when they were first learning. Choice A (effortful) suggests the opposite of what the sentence is describing. Choice C (procedural) and D (implicit) are related to the way our brain processes and stores information, but they don't quite fit the context of the sentence.

Question 16

People can develop classically conditioned emotional reactions without any conscious recollection of how or when those reactions were learned.This best illustrates ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory refers to memories that we are not consciously aware of but that still influence our behavior and reactions. In the given scenario, the person has developed emotional reactions through classical conditioning, without any conscious recollection of how or when those reactions were learned. This type of learning is an example of implicit memory.

Question 17

Memories for well-learned automatic skills such as how to tie your shoes are called ________ memories.

Accepted Answer

Procedural memories refer to well-learned skills and habits that become automatic over time. Iconic memories are visual memories of images or scenes, working memories are short-term memories used to manipulate information, and explicit memories are conscious memories of facts and events.

Question 18

Our two-track mind is most clearly illustrated by the difference between

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory and explicit memory represent two different systems of memory in our brain, illustrating the dual-process model or two-track mind concept. Implicit memory involves unconscious memory for skills and conditioned behaviors, while explicit memory involves conscious memory of facts and experiences.

Question 19

Without being aware of it,Kelsey encoded the exact locations on the basketball court from which she had taken each of her many shots during yesterday's tournament game.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing refers to the unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as the locations from which Kelsey took her shots, without effort or awareness. This type of processing occurs without the need for attention or conscious effort, and the information is stored automatically in long-term memory.

Question 20

To remember her way from her new home to her school,Julie consciously formed a mental image of each street corner at which she needed to turn.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Effortful processing refers to encoding information with conscious effort, such as actively forming a mental image to remember directions. The other options are not applicable in this scenario.

Quiz 8: Memory