Question 1

____________ is considered by many to be the founder of modern sociology.

Accepted Answer

C

Question 2

Which classical theorist believed that people entered into the social contract as free and equal individuals?

Accepted Answer

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that people entered into the social contract as free and equal individuals, emphasizing the importance of collective sovereignty and the general will.

Question 3

Which answer best describes the conservative reaction to Enlightenment thinking? It was

Accepted Answer

The conservative reaction to Enlightenment thinking was primarily based on the fear that it would lead to revolution and the overthrow of traditional authority structures. Conservatives believed that the emphasis on individualism and reason would undermine social order and stability, and they argued that tradition, faith, and community were necessary for a healthy society.

Question 4

Which of the following is not associated with the work of Charles de Montesquieu?

Accepted Answer

Montesquieu did not believe in an original natural state, but rather that humans were defined and created by society. The other options are all associated with his work.

Question 5

Which of the following statements does not explain why sociologists use theories?

Accepted Answer

Theories are not used to decide what is right and wrong, but rather to provide explanations, understand patterns, and generate ideas for research.

Question 6

Which of the following does the organic analogy not refer to?

Accepted Answer

The organic analogy does not refer to structures working against each other for the good of the collective. Instead, it suggests that interdependent parts work together towards the equilibrium and stability of the system.

Question 7

Which of the following was not a conservative reaction to Enlightenment thinking?

Accepted Answer

The Enlightenment emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism towards traditional institutions, which conservatives often sought to preserve. Conservatives typically valued the social order and community over the individual, making D ("Individuals, not society, are the most important unit of social analysis") not a conservative reaction but rather an Enlightenment perspective emphasizing individualism over societal structures.

Question 8

Which of the following is not true,according to Durkheim?

Accepted Answer

Durkheim believed that individual behaviours are indeed inspired by collective social forces. He argued that social facts, such as cultural norms and values, are external to individuals and have a coercive power over them. Therefore, choice A is false according to Durkheim's perspective.

Question 9

Which of the following is false about the Enlightenment and its thinkers? They

Accepted Answer

The Enlightenment and its thinkers believed in the importance of free thinking and expression, and did not advocate for limitations on these freedoms.

Question 10

___________ suggested that people have never existed outside,or without,society;humans are defined and created by society.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ___________ suggested that people have never existed...

Question 11

The conservative reaction that advocated for a return to social hierarchies because they promote a system of differential status and reward,something that would be good for both individuals and the collective best,aligns with

Accepted Answer

The conservative reaction advocating for a return to social hierarchies aligns with the functionalist perspective, which views social hierarchies as necessary for maintaining social order and stability. Functionalists argue that each aspect of society has a specific function that contributes to the overall well-being of the society, and that hierarchies promote social cohesion and ensure that individuals occupy roles that are best suited to their abilities. This perspective emphasizes the importance of social norms, values, and institutions in regulating behavior and ensuring social order. Conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and feminism are all perspectives that would likely challenge the conservative argument for social hierarchies, rather than support it.

Question 12

Approximately when did the period of the Enlightenment begin and end?

Accepted Answer

The Enlightenment period began in the mid-17th century (around 1650) and ended with the French Revolution in the late 18th century (1789).

Question 13

The idea that people were born tabula rasa was purported by

Accepted Answer

The concept of tabula rasa, meaning "blank slate," was first introduced by the English philosopher John Locke in the late 17th century. Thomas Hobbes, Karl Marx, and Charles de Montesquieu did not propose this idea.

Question 14

_______ is well known for his analysis of how humans existed in their natural state,before the emergence of formal social structures.

Accepted Answer

Thomas Hobbes is well known for his analysis of humans in their natural state, particularly in his work "Leviathan," where he describes life in the state of nature as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

Question 15

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau,

Accepted Answer

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, people existed in a symbiotic and idyllic relationship based on equality in the natural state. He believed that it was only with the advent of society and the introduction of private property that inequality and conflict arose. Rousseau also posited that human beings are not perfectible, which aligns with choice D.

Question 16

Tabula rasa refers to the idea that people

Accepted Answer

The term "tabula rasa" literally means "blank slate" in Latin. This idea suggests that individuals are born without any innate knowledge or preconceived ideas, and that all learning and development comes from experiences and interactions with the environment.

Question 17

Hobbes was one of the first social theorists to view people as __________ the society they create.

Accepted Answer

Hobbes viewed people as responsible for the society they create, emphasizing the idea of a social contract where individuals collectively agree to form a society for mutual benefit.

Question 18

Whereas Hobbes viewed the emergence of the state in terms of the protection of individuals from each other,Locke viewed the state's emergence in relation to the

Accepted Answer

Locke viewed the emergence of the state as necessary to preserve private property, believing that individuals would willingly come together to form a government to protect their property rights.

Question 19

Most generally,a theoretical statement is one that attempts to explain how certain facts or events are

Accepted Answer

A theoretical statement aims to explain how certain facts or events are related by providing a framework or model that connects them.

Question 20

Which of the following is a major tenet of functionalism?

Accepted Answer

A major tenet of functionalism is that the social world is a dynamic system of interrelated and interdependent parts, where each part contributes to the functioning of the whole. This perspective emphasizes the importance of social structures in shaping individuals' behaviors and attitudes, and views society as a functioning organism that aims for stability and equilibrium.

Quiz 2: C: Classical Social Theories