Question 1

"$\Delta$S_sys" can be directly related to the heat q. Which of A-D is not true regarding this relationship? If all are true, select E.

Accepted Answer

The entropy change "F1F1F1S1F1F1F10S_sys" cannot always be determined solely from the heat transferred during the actual process, as it depends on the path taken and whether the process is reversible.

Question 2

Which of the following processes are spontaneous?
(I)Iron in the open air rusts.
(II)Liquid water in a freezer turns to ice.
(III)A spark ignites a mixture of propane and air.

Accepted Answer

E

Question 3

In a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe ___________

Accepted Answer

The second law of thermodynamics states that in a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe always increases. This means that the amount of disorder or randomness in the universe always increases over time. While the entropy of a specific system may decrease, the overall entropy of the universe will increase. Therefore, choice A is the best answer.

Question 4

When you increase the volume of a gas, the energy separation between microstates __________

Accepted Answer

Increasing the volume of a gas results in the increase of available space for particles to move, which decreases the energy separation between microstates. This in turn increases the number of available microstates, which leads to an increase in entropy.

Question 5

Of the three modes of molecular motion-vibration, rotation, and translation-which requires the greatest amount of energy to cause an excitation from the ground state to the first excited state?

Accepted Answer

Vibrational motion involves the stretching and bending of chemical bonds, which requires more energy than rotational or translational motion. Therefore, it requires the greatest amount of energy to cause an excitation from the ground state to the first excited state.

Question 6

In a spontaneous process, which of the following always increases?

Accepted Answer

According to the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of the universe always increases in a spontaneous process. While the entropy of the system and surroundings may individually increase or decrease, the total entropy change of the universe must be positive.

Question 7

Which, if any, of A through D is not true of entropy? If they are all true, select E.

Accepted Answer

All of the statements are true of entropy. A is true because entropy increases as energy becomes more dispersed in a system. B is true because a substance with more microstates has higher entropy. C is true because entropy always increases in a spontaneous process, as stated by the second law of thermodynamics. D is true because entropy can increase or decrease in a spontaneous process depending on the changes in energy and temperature.

Question 8

The entropy change in a system ($\Delta$S_sys) during a spontaneous process must be __________

Accepted Answer

The answer of The entropy change in a system ($\Delta$S_sys)...

Question 9

Boltzmann derived the relationship, S = k ln W where W is the __________

Accepted Answer

Boltzmann's equation relates the entropy (S) of a system to the number of microstates (W) available to it, where k is the Boltzmann constant.

Question 10

Heat transfer from the system to the surroundings has a large effect on$\Delta$S_surr ___________

Accepted Answer

When the temperature of the surroundings is low, the effect of heat transfer on the entropy change of the surroundings is more significant because the change in entropy is inversely proportional to the temperature of the surroundings.

Question 11

During a spontaneous chemical reaction, it is found that "$\Delta$S_sys" < 0. This means __________

Accepted Answer

For a spontaneous process, the total entropy change (system + surroundings) must be positive. If the system's entropy decreases, the surroundings' entropy must increase by a greater amount to ensure the total entropy change is positive.

Question 12

The entropy change of the surroundings, $\Delta$S_surr, is related to heat transfer q with respect to the system and temperature T by __________

Accepted Answer

The equation for the entropy change of the surroundings is ΔSsurroundings = -q/T. In this case, we are given that the heat transfer q is with respect to the system, so we use qsys = -qsurr. Substituting this into the entropy equation, we get ΔSsurroundings = qsys/T. Therefore, the correct answer is C, which matches this equation in the given answer choices.

Question 13

What types of motion does a molecule of chlorine have?

Accepted Answer

A molecule of chlorine can have all three types of motion: translational, meaning it moves in a straight line; rotational, meaning it spins around its own axis; and vibrational, meaning it moves back and forth. Therefore, option A is the correct choice. Options B, C, and D are not applicable in this context.

Question 14

Which of the following states of motion have the highest number of occupied excited states at room temperature-rotational, vibrational, or translational?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following states of motion...

Question 15

An oxygen molecule can have several different modes of motions. One type of motion is __________

Accepted Answer

Oxygen molecules can undergo vibrational motion, which involves the stretching and bending of the chemical bond between the two oxygen atoms. Kinetic energy, potential energy, elastic motion, and Boltzmann motion are not specific types of motion for molecules, but rather general concepts within physics and chemistry.

Question 16

Which of the following must be true for the microstates of a system?
(I)The energy of each microstate equals the energy of the system.
(II)The entropy of each microstate equals the entropy of the system.
(III)The number of microstates equals the entropy of the system.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following must be true...

Question 17

Which of the following processes are reversible in the thermodynamic sense?
(I) Iron in the open air rusts.
(II) NaCl is dissolved in water and then recovered by the evaporation of the water.
(III) The ice in a mixture of ice and water at 0°C and 1 atm melts.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following processes are reversible...

Question 18

According to the second law of thermodynamics, the change in the entropy of the universe ($\Delta$S_univ) during a spontaneous reaction is __________

Accepted Answer

The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of the universe (system + surroundings) tends to increase for a spontaneous reaction. Therefore, the change in entropy of the universe during a spontaneous reaction is positive.

Question 19

Which of the following must be true for a spontaneous exothermic process?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following must be true...

Question 20

The gas above the liquid in a sealed bottle of soda is primarily carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is also dissolved in the soda. When the distribution of carbon dioxide between the gas and liquid is at equilibrium, molecules of carbon dioxide in the gas phase can still dissolve in the liquid phase if they strike the surface and are captured. Similarly molecules of carbon dioxide can escape from the liquid phase. What is the entropy change of the universe, "$\Delta$S_univ", for the dissolution of carbon dioxide under these conditions?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The gas above the liquid in a...

Quiz 14: Thermodynamics: Spontaneous Processes, Entropy, and Free Energy

" $\Delta$ S_sys" can be directly related to the heat q. Which of A-D is not true regarding this relationship? If all are true, select E.

Which of the following processes are spontaneous? (I) Iron in the open air rusts. (II) Liquid water in a freezer turns to ice. (III) A spark ignites a mixture of propane and air.

In a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe ___________

When you increase the volume of a gas, the energy separation between microstates __________

Of the three modes of molecular motion-vibration, rotation, and translation-which requires the greatest amount of energy to cause an excitation from the ground state to the first excited state?

In a spontaneous process, which of the following always increases?

Which, if any, of A through D is not true of entropy? If they are all true, select E.

The entropy change in a system ( $\Delta$ S_sys) during a spontaneous process must be __________

Boltzmann derived the relationship, S = k ln W where W is the __________

Heat transfer from the system to the surroundings has a large effect on $\Delta$ S_surr ___________

During a spontaneous chemical reaction, it is found that " $\Delta$ S_sys" < 0. This means __________

The entropy change of the surroundings, $\Delta$ S_surr, is related to heat transfer q with respect to the system and temperature T by __________

What types of motion does a molecule of chlorine have?

Which of the following states of motion have the highest number of occupied excited states at room temperature-rotational, vibrational, or translational?

An oxygen molecule can have several different modes of motions. One type of motion is __________

Which of the following must be true for the microstates of a system? (I) The energy of each microstate equals the energy of the system. (II) The entropy of each microstate equals the entropy of the system. (III) The number of microstates equals the entropy of the system.

Which of the following processes are reversible in the thermodynamic sense? (I) Iron in the open air rusts. (II) NaCl is dissolved in water and then recovered by the evaporation of the water. (III) The ice in a mixture of ice and water at 0°C and 1 atm melts.

According to the second law of thermodynamics, the change in the entropy of the universe ( $\Delta$ S_univ) during a spontaneous reaction is __________

Which of the following must be true for a spontaneous exothermic process?

Quiz 14: Thermodynamics: Spontaneous Processes, Entropy, and Free Energy

" Δ\DeltaΔ Ssys" can be directly related to the heat q. Which of A-D is not true regarding this relationship? If all are true, select E.

Which of the following processes are spontaneous? (I) Iron in the open air rusts. (II) Liquid water in a freezer turns to ice. (III) A spark ignites a mixture of propane and air.

In a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe ___________

When you increase the volume of a gas, the energy separation between microstates __________

Of the three modes of molecular motion-vibration, rotation, and translation-which requires the greatest amount of energy to cause an excitation from the ground state to the first excited state?

In a spontaneous process, which of the following always increases?

Which, if any, of A through D is not true of entropy? If they are all true, select E.

The entropy change in a system ( Δ\DeltaΔ Ssys) during a spontaneous process must be __________

Boltzmann derived the relationship, S = k ln W where W is the __________

Heat transfer from the system to the surroundings has a large effect on Δ\DeltaΔ Ssurr ___________

During a spontaneous chemical reaction, it is found that " Δ\DeltaΔ Ssys" < 0. This means __________

The entropy change of the surroundings, Δ\DeltaΔ Ssurr, is related to heat transfer q with respect to the system and temperature T by __________

What types of motion does a molecule of chlorine have?

Which of the following states of motion have the highest number of occupied excited states at room temperature-rotational, vibrational, or translational?

An oxygen molecule can have several different modes of motions. One type of motion is __________

Which of the following must be true for the microstates of a system? (I) The energy of each microstate equals the energy of the system. (II) The entropy of each microstate equals the entropy of the system. (III) The number of microstates equals the entropy of the system.

Which of the following processes are reversible in the thermodynamic sense? (I) Iron in the open air rusts. (II) NaCl is dissolved in water and then recovered by the evaporation of the water. (III) The ice in a mixture of ice and water at 0°C and 1 atm melts.

According to the second law of thermodynamics, the change in the entropy of the universe ( Δ\DeltaΔ Suniv) during a spontaneous reaction is __________

Which of the following must be true for a spontaneous exothermic process?

" $\Delta$ S_sys" can be directly related to the heat q. Which of A-D is not true regarding this relationship? If all are true, select E.

The entropy change in a system ( $\Delta$ S_sys) during a spontaneous process must be __________

Heat transfer from the system to the surroundings has a large effect on $\Delta$ S_surr ___________

During a spontaneous chemical reaction, it is found that " $\Delta$ S_sys" < 0. This means __________

The entropy change of the surroundings, $\Delta$ S_surr, is related to heat transfer q with respect to the system and temperature T by __________

According to the second law of thermodynamics, the change in the entropy of the universe ( $\Delta$ S_univ) during a spontaneous reaction is __________