Question 1

The textbook describes Patricia Alexander's theory regarding the development of expertise. Which one of the following statements best characterizes Alexander's theory?
A) People develop expertise primarily by turning verbal codes and images into propositions and productions.
B) People develop expertise primarily by learning certain skills and practicing them over and over until they can perform the skills almost without thinking.
C) The development of expertise is characterized by a series of five stages of increasingly abstract problem-solving strategies.
D) The development of expertise is characterized by the acquisition of more and better integrated knowledge about a topic.

Accepted Answer

Patricia Alexander's theory suggests that the development of expertise is characterized by the acquisition of more and better integrated knowledge about a topic. This involves not only learning facts and information but also developing a deeper understanding of the relationships between different pieces of information and how they fit together. This acquisition of knowledge and understanding occurs over time and with repeated exposure to the topic, but it is not simply a matter of repeating skills or using abstract problem-solving strategies.

Question 2

Research tells us that students' misconceptions about a topic are often quite resistant to change, yet sometimes misconceptions must change if students are to acquire an accurate understanding of the world around them.
a. Describe three different reasons that psychologists have offered as to why students' misconceptions are sometimes resistant to change.
b. Describe at least five different teaching strategies that theorists and researchers believe might help students change their misconceptions about the world.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research tells us that students' misconceptions about...

Question 3

Describe three of the following perspectives regarding concept learning, and compare and contrast them regarding their usefulness in explaining how people acquire concepts:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe three of the following perspectives regarding...

Question 4

Explain what theorists mean when they say that long-term memory is associationistic. Describe two different theoretical models regarding how long-term memory might be organized.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain what theorists mean when they say...

Question 5

Three of the statements below describe advantages of concepts. The fourth is an incorrect statement about concepts Which one is incorrect?
A) Information that has been learned about concepts can be generalized to new situations.
B) Concepts make the world less complex and easier to think about.
C) Concepts invariably lead to more appropriate responses to the environment.
D) Relationships among various concepts can be learned.

Accepted Answer

Although concepts can often lead to more appropriate responses to the environment, it is not an absolute certainty. It ultimately depends on the individual's ability to apply the concept in a given situation. Therefore, the statement "Concepts invariably lead to more appropriate responses to the environment" is incorrect.

Question 6

Describe what contemporary psychologists mean by the terms schema, script, personal theory, and worldview, and explain how each of these can influence learning and memory. Use concrete examples to illustrate your discussion.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe what contemporary psychologists mean by the...

Question 7

Choose a concept with which you are familiar, and imagine that you have to teach that concept to a classroom of students. Describe the concept that you will teach, then explain five specific things you could do to help students learn the concept.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Choose a concept with which you are...

Question 8

Imagine that you are a science teacher who wants to teach students about gravity. From past experience, you know that some of your students probably believe that because Antarctica is at the "bottom" of the world, people who go to Antarctica are likely to fall into space. Describe three strategies you might use to promote students' conceptual change about the concept of gravity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine that you are a science teacher...

Question 9

Only one of the following is a true statement regarding the nature of knowledge in long-term memory. Which one?
A) It is always better to learn a little bit about many topics than to learn a lot about a few topics.
B) Interconnected pieces of information are usually more useful than isolated pieces.
C) Most of our knowledge about the world is probably in episodic memory rather than in semantic memory.
D) Any single piece of information is stored in only one way.

Accepted Answer

Interconnected pieces of information are usually more useful than isolated pieces. This is because the brain processes and stores information more efficiently when it is related to other information in our existing knowledge network. This phenomenon is known as elaborative encoding, which refers to the process of adding additional information to a memory to enhance its recall. Learning a little bit about many topics may not be helpful if the information is not properly connected and organized in our long-term memory. Most of our knowledge about the world is also stored in semantic memory, which is a system of long-term memory that stores general knowledge about the world, including concepts, meanings, and categories. Episodic memory, on the other hand, refers to the system of long-term memory that stores personal experiences and events. Finally, any single piece of information can be stored in multiple ways in long-term memory, depending on a person's perception, attention, and interpretation.

Question 10

Luana is taking her first course in psychology. With regard to her knowledge of psychology, Luana is probably in Alexander's ______ stage in the development of expertise.
A) acclimation
B) competence
C) implicit knowledge
D) undergeneralization

Accepted Answer

Alexander's stages of expertise are acclimation, competence, proficiency, and expertise. Acclimation is the earliest stage, where individuals are just beginning to learn about a topic or field and are becoming familiar with its vocabulary and basic concepts. Therefore, Luana is most likely in the acclimation stage. The other answer choices are not applicable to Luana's current stage of knowledge in psychology.

Question 11

At least four distinct forms of encoding have been theorized to exist in long-term memory:

Accepted Answer

The answer of At least four distinct forms of encoding...

Quiz 10: Long-Term Memory Iii: Retrieval and Forgetting

The textbook describes Patricia Alexander's theory regarding the development of expertise. Which one of the following statements best characterizes Alexander's theory?

Describe three of the following perspectives regarding concept learning, and compare and contrast them regarding their usefulness in explaining how people acquire concepts:

Explain what theorists mean when they say that long-term memory is associationistic. Describe two different theoretical models regarding how long-term memory might be organized.

Three of the statements below describe advantages of concepts. The fourth is an incorrect statement about concepts Which one is incorrect?

Describe what contemporary psychologists mean by the terms schema, script, personal theory, and worldview, and explain how each of these can influence learning and memory. Use concrete examples to illustrate your discussion.

Choose a concept with which you are familiar, and imagine that you have to teach that concept to a classroom of students. Describe the concept that you will teach, then explain five specific things you could do to help students learn the concept.

Only one of the following is a true statement regarding the nature of knowledge in long-term memory. Which one?

Luana is taking her first course in psychology. With regard to her knowledge of psychology, Luana is probably in Alexander's ______ stage in the development of expertise.

At least four distinct forms of encoding have been theorized to exist in long-term memory: