Question 1

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels said,"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles....The ________ have nothing to lose but their chains.They have a world to win.WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES,UNITE!"
A)bourgeoisie
B)proletarians
C)vulcans
D)middle classes

Accepted Answer

The quote refers to the class struggle between the bourgeoisie (the owners of the means of production) and the proletarians (the working class who sell their labor for a wage). Marx and Engels believed that history was driven by these class conflicts and that the ultimate goal was for the working class to overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a classless society. The term "vulcans" is unrelated to Marx and Engels' ideas, and while the middle classes play a role in society, they are not the focus of the quote.

Question 2

Marx viewed the relationship between the capitalists and the exploited workers in systemic terms;that is,he believed that a system of ________ relationships maintained the power and dominance of the owners over the workers.
A)economic
B)social
C)political
D)economic,social,and political

Accepted Answer

Marx believed that the power and dominance of the capitalists over the workers was maintained through a system of economic, social, and political relationships. These relationships included control over the means of production, the exploitation of labor, the use of state power to maintain the status quo, and the creation of a culture that justified the existing economic arrangement. Therefore, choice D is the best answer.

Question 3

Early female sociologists such as Jane Addams were often active in poor urban areas as leaders of community centers known as
A)settlement houses.
B)communes.
C)collective homes.
D)utopian communities.

Accepted Answer

Jane Addams, along with other early female sociologists, founded settlement houses in poor urban areas as a way to address social inequality and provide assistance to the poor. These settlement houses were community centers that offered services such as childcare, education, and health care to low-income families.

Question 4

The word that Max Weber used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account people's emotions,thoughts,beliefs,understandings,and attitudes was
A)verstehen.
B)Gemeinschaft.
C)anomie.
D)Gesellschaft.

Accepted Answer

Max Weber emphasized the need for sociologists to engage in "verstehen," which means empathetically understanding the subjective points of view of research participants. This involves taking into account people's emotions, thoughts, beliefs, understandings, and attitudes as part of the research process. The other options, Gemeinschaft, anomie, and Gesellschaft, are also important concepts in sociology, but they do not specifically relate to the need for understanding people's subjective experiences.

Question 5

Which sociologist translated the works of Auguste Comte into English and emphasized the impact of the economy,laws,trade,and population could have on contemporary social problems?
A)Émile Durkheim
B)Jane Addams
C)Harriet Martineau
D)Talcott Parsons

Accepted Answer

Harriet Martineau translated the works of Auguste Comte into English and emphasized the impact of the economy, laws, trade, and population on contemporary social problems.

Question 6

Which early sociologist applied the concept of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change or evolve over time?
A)Émile Durkheim
B)Charles Darwin
C)Harriet Martineau
D)Herbert Spencer

Accepted Answer

Herbert Spencer, an early sociologist, applied the concept of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change or evolve over time. He believed that societies, like organisms, had to adapt to their environment in order to survive and progress. Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest," which he believed applied not only to organisms but also to societies. Through this process of natural selection, Spencer argued that societies would evolve to become more complex and advanced.

Question 7

A sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college.This would be an example of
A)conflict theory.
B)functionalism.
C)macrosociology.
D)microsociology.

Accepted Answer

The fact that the sociologist is studying drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college suggests that they are studying a specific and limited social context, which is characteristic of microsociology. Conflict theory and functionalism are both macrosociological perspectives that focus on larger social structures and institutions, whereas the sociologist in this example is focusing on a small group of individuals within a specific context.

Question 8

A sociology instructor asks students to make lists of the characteristics of the best and worst possible instructors.These lists,which would be used to evaluate all instructors,are an example of a(n)
A)typology.
B)ideal type.
C)verstehen.
D)hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The lists of characteristics of the best and worst possible instructors are an example of an ideal type- a constructed concept used to evaluate real-life examples.

Question 9

What concept did DuBois develop to describe the experience of being Black in White America-a division of an individual's identity into two or more social realities?
A)double consciousness
B)racial fetishism
C)double rejection
D)bipolar racism

Accepted Answer

DuBois developed the concept of double consciousness to describe the experience of being Black in White America. It refers to the division of an individual's identity into two or more social realities, characterized by a sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others and measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity.

Question 10

Anomie refers to a
A)model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated.
B)loss of direction that is felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
C)classification scheme containing two or more categories.
D)type of suicide that is based on depression.

Accepted Answer

Anomie refers to a loss of direction in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. It is often associated with feelings of alienation and disconnection.

Question 11

In The Communist Manifesto,Marx argued that the working class must
A)ally with capitalists to build a better world.
B)try to work toward a return to feudalism.
C)overthrow the existing class system of capitalist societies.
D)ignore all aspects of class divisions.

Accepted Answer

Marx believed that the working class, or proletariat, needed to overthrow the existing class system of capitalist societies in order to establish a socialist system in which the means of production were owned and controlled by the workers. This would ultimately lead to a classless society. Marx believed that the struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie was inevitable and necessary for social progress.

Question 12

Although some of the early sociologists saw themselves as social reformers,by the middle of the 20^th century the focus of the discipline of sociology had shifted to A)theorizing and gathering information. B)a de-emphasis on the scientific method. C)applied sociology. D)advocacy of civil rights for minorities.

Accepted Answer

By the middle of the 20th century, sociology had become more focused on theorizing and gathering information, rather than on social reform. This shift was in part due to the professionalization of the discipline, as well as to the influence of the positivist and scientific approaches to social research. While applied sociology and advocacy for civil rights were still important concerns for sociologists during this time, they were not the primary focus of the discipline as a whole.

Question 13

In Karl Marx's analysis,society was fundamentally divided between
A)separate genders that clash in pursuit of their own interests.
B)economic classes that clash in pursuit of their own class interests.
C)different races that clash in pursuit of their own interests.
D)the religious and the nonreligious who clash in pursuit of their own interests.

Accepted Answer

In Karl Marx's analysis, society was fundamentally divided between economic classes that clash in pursuit of their own class interests. He believed that this class struggle was the driving force behind historical development and that eventually the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and establish a classless society. Marx saw this struggle as a necessary step towards achieving true equality and abolishing capitalist exploitation.

Question 14

A sociologist interviews high-salaried corporate chief executive officers (CEOs)to discover whether they feel stress in their everyday lives as a result of the pressure to produce at an unrealistic level.This sociologist is employing
A)alienation.
B)anomie.
C)verstehen.
D)globalization techniques.

Accepted Answer

Verstehen is a sociological method that involves empathetically understanding the subjective experiences of individuals to gain insight into their behavior and attitudes. The sociologist in this scenario is using this method to understand the experiences and feelings of CEOs in high-pressure corporate environments. A and B are not applicable to this scenario, and D is not a sociological method.

Question 15

An ideal type is a(n)
A)body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation.
B)construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated.
C)detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically.
D)initiator of people's attitudes or behavior.

Accepted Answer

An ideal type is a construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated. It is a theoretical concept or framework that is constructed by the researcher to understand and make sense of empirical data. It does not involve systematic observation, detailed plans or methods for obtaining data, or initiation of people's attitudes or behavior.

Question 16

Which of the following was a central focus for Charles Horton Cooley?
A)class issues
B)divorce
C)intimate face-to-face groups
D)suicide

Accepted Answer

Cooley's central focus was on "primary groups," or intimate face-to-face groups that shape an individual's sense of self and identity.

Question 17

A study of divorce rates among the populations of Canada,England,the U.S. ,and France is an example of
A)alienation.
B)anomie.
C)microsociology.
D)macrosociology.

Accepted Answer

The study of divorce rates among four different countries involves a comparison of social patterns, structures, and institutions across different cultures and geographical locations. This is an example of macrosociology, which focuses on large-scale social phenomena and their interrelationships. Factors such as socio-economic, cultural, and legal differences between these countries can affect divorce rates, making this study an example of macrosociological analysis.

Question 18

The discipline of sociology was given its name by the French theorist
A)Émile Durkheim.
B)Auguste Comte.
C)Harriet Martineau.
D)Marcel Marceau.

Accepted Answer

The discipline of sociology was given its name by the French theorist Auguste Comte.

Question 19

________ stresses the study of small groups and often uses experimental study in laboratories.
A)Microsociology
B)Macrosociology
C)Middle-range sociology
D)Conflict theory

Accepted Answer

Microsociology specifically focuses on the study of small groups and relationships between individuals. It often involves experimental research in controlled environments, such as laboratory settings, to analyze social behavior on a small scale.

Question 20

Sociological studies that focus on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations are known as
A)microsociology.
B)interactionism.
C)macrosociology.
D)dramaturgy.

Accepted Answer

Macrosociology is the study of larger social structures, systems, and institutions, such as government and economy, and how they impact society as a whole. Microsociology, on the other hand, focuses on individual interactions and small-group dynamics. Interactionism is a theoretical perspective that emphasizes the role of language, symbols, and individual interactions in shaping social reality. Dramaturgy is a perspective that views social interactions as performances on a stage, with individuals playing specific roles and following certain scripts.

Quiz 2: The Development of Sociology

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels said,"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles....The ________ have nothing to lose but their chains.They have a world to win.WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES,UNITE!"

Marx viewed the relationship between the capitalists and the exploited workers in systemic terms;that is,he believed that a system of ________ relationships maintained the power and dominance of the owners over the workers.

Early female sociologists such as Jane Addams were often active in poor urban areas as leaders of community centers known as

The word that Max Weber used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account people's emotions,thoughts,beliefs,understandings,and attitudes was

Which sociologist translated the works of Auguste Comte into English and emphasized the impact of the economy,laws,trade,and population could have on contemporary social problems?

Which early sociologist applied the concept of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change or evolve over time?

A sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college.This would be an example of

A sociology instructor asks students to make lists of the characteristics of the best and worst possible instructors.These lists,which would be used to evaluate all instructors,are an example of a(n)

What concept did DuBois develop to describe the experience of being Black in White America-a division of an individual's identity into two or more social realities?

Anomie refers to a

In The Communist Manifesto,Marx argued that the working class must

Although some of the early sociologists saw themselves as social reformers,by the middle of the 20^th century the focus of the discipline of sociology had shifted to

In Karl Marx's analysis,society was fundamentally divided between

A sociologist interviews high-salaried corporate chief executive officers (CEOs) to discover whether they feel stress in their everyday lives as a result of the pressure to produce at an unrealistic level.This sociologist is employing

An ideal type is a(n)

Which of the following was a central focus for Charles Horton Cooley?

A study of divorce rates among the populations of Canada,England,the U.S. ,and France is an example of

The discipline of sociology was given its name by the French theorist

________ stresses the study of small groups and often uses experimental study in laboratories.

Sociological studies that focus on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations are known as