Question 1

According to Erikson,what is the difference in psychosocial development between early adults and middle adults?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, early adulthood is focused on intimacy versus isolation, where individuals seek close relationships and romantic partnerships. In contrast, middle adulthood is focused on generativity versus stagnation, where individuals seek to contribute to the next generation through work, mentorship, or other forms of nurturing. Therefore, option D is the best choice as it accurately reflects the differences in psychosocial development between early adults and middle adults.

Question 2

Which of the following people is in Erikson's stage of identity vs.role confusion?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stage of identity vs. role confusion occurs during adolescence, typically between the ages of 12 and 18. Eighteen-year-old Justin, who has just informed his parents that he is no longer interested in going to church, is experiencing this stage of development. This is because he is exploring and establishing his own beliefs and values, which may differ from those of his family or community.

Question 3

Which of the following physical changes is matched with the correct ages?

Accepted Answer

In one's 30's and 40's, hair begins to grey, and skin begins to lose elasticity due to a decrease in collagen production.

Answer: C
 Menopause typically occurs in a woman's 40's, although it can occur earlier or later. It marks the end of a woman's reproductive years and is characterized by a decline in estrogen levels.

Answer: D
 As individuals enter their 60's and 70's, their eyes begin to lose elasticity and become less able to focus, resulting in farsightedness. This is a normal part of aging. Immune system decline, as stated in option A, typically occurs later in life, around the 60's and 70's as well.

Question 4

Which theorist claimed that Kohlberg's results indicated that girls were less morally developed than boys?

Accepted Answer

Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's research was biased towards male perspectives and suggested that females have a different moral reasoning approach that emphasizes relationships and interconnectedness, rather than individualistic principles. She coined the term "care orientation" to describe this alternative perspective. Therefore, it was Gilligan who claimed that Kohlberg's results indicated that girls were less morally developed than boys.

Question 5

Which of the following are correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

Howard's actions of volunteering and coaching, which contribute to the well-being of others, align with Erikson's stage of generativity vs. stagnation (often referred to as self-absorption in some texts), where the focus is on nurturing the next generation and making a contribution to society. The other options incorrectly match the life stages with the scenarios described.

Question 6

Which of the following physical changes is NOT matched with the correct ages?

Accepted Answer

Menopause typically occurs in the late 40s or early 50s, but not specifically in the 40s.

Question 7

Not everyone agreed with Kohlberg's interpretation of his data on moral development.In particular,Gilligan argued that

Accepted Answer

Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's theory of moral development was male-centric and did not adequately describe the concern for others and the ethic of care, which she believed were more characteristic of female moral reasoning. She suggested that males and females might use different frameworks for moral decision-making but are equally sophisticated in their moral reasoning.

Question 8

Greg is 28 years old.According to Erikson,what would Greg's primary psychosocial conflict be?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson, the primary psychosocial conflict for individuals in their late twenties and early thirties is "intimacy vs. isolation." This involves the need to establish close, committed relationships with others and to form a sense of identity within those relationships. Therefore, option D - "How can I achieve an intimate and loving relationship with another?" - best fits Greg's primary psychosocial conflict.

Question 9

Which of the following is true about the relationship between moral reasoning (attitudes)and actual behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that there is a weak correlation between moral attitudes and actual behavior. While moral attitudes may influence behavior to some extent, they are not always a reliable predictor of behavior. Factors such as social pressure, situational factors, and personal values and beliefs can also impact behavior.

Question 10

According to Carol Gilligan,Kohlberg's assumption that the moral reasoning of girls is less well-developed than that of boys was faulty because

Accepted Answer

Carol Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's assumption that girls have less well-developed moral reasoning than boys is faulty because Kohlberg's theory emphasized abstract principles, whereas girls tend to focus on relationships and the context of situations. Therefore, A is the best choice. B and D are incorrect because Kohlberg did include girls in his studies, and while there may be some gender bias in his original moral dilemma, this alone does not fully explain the issues with his theory. Choice C is not really related to the question being asked.

Question 11

Twenty-four-year-old Joseph comes home from work every night and watches television.His co-workers often ask him to go out on social occasions,however,Joseph seems to prefer to be alone.According to Erikson,Joseph has failed to meet the challenge of

Accepted Answer

The stage of development described in the scenario suggests that Joseph is experiencing the stage of intimacy vs. isolation. This stage is typical of young adults who struggle to form close, intimate relationships while balancing their own identity and independence. Joseph's preference to be alone suggests that he is isolating himself from potential intimate relationships, which can result in a sense of loneliness and detachment.

Question 12

Warren is a taxi driver and is suddenly flagged down by a pregnant woman who is holding her stomach.He stops,and she waddles over and climbs into the backseat.Suddenly she screams in pain,and then tells him to speed to the hospital.If Warren is in Kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral development,what is he likely to say?

Accepted Answer

CIn Kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral development, individuals make decisions based on self-interest and the potential consequences to themselves, such as punishment. Choices A and C reflect this stage, as they both involve avoiding negative consequences for the individual (getting a speeding ticket or breaking the law).

Question 13

Fred is a pharmacist and is suddenly approached by a young man who is obviously having a lot of swelling in his face and trouble breathing.He explains that he is allergic to peanuts,and that he needs shot,although he has no money.If Fred is in Kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral development,what is he likely to say?

Accepted Answer

CAt Kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral development, individuals make decisions based on self-interest and the potential consequences to themselves, such as punishment or reward. Choice A reflects a concern for personal consequences (fear of getting fired), and choice C reflects a concern for legal consequences (breaking the law), both of which align with the preconventional stage's focus on self-interest and adherence to rules to avoid negative outcomes.

Question 14

Students sometimes have difficulty deciding whether to go to college or go directly into the workforce after high school.Which of Erikson's stages is relevant to this issue?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stage of identity vs. role confusion is relevant to this issue because it involves a person's search for their sense of self and what they want to do with their life. Choosing between going to college or entering the workforce directly after high school is a decision that can greatly affect a person's sense of identity and their path in life. If a person is still in the process of developing their sense of self, they may struggle with this decision and experience role confusion.

Question 15

Most researchers believe that the difference in scores on Kohlberg's scale between collectivist cultures and individualistic cultures is a result of

Accepted Answer

The difference in scores on Kohlberg's scale between collectivist and individualistic cultures is due to differences in the kind of moral problems faced by people in diverse cultures. Kohlberg's moral development theory is based on moral dilemmas that have been historically limited to Western culture and may not apply to collectivist cultures that prioritize interdependence and harmony over individualism. Therefore, the moral reasoning of individuals from collectivist cultures may not fit well with Kohlberg's model.

Question 16

Farley is trying to work out who he is,and is asking himself soul-searching questions about what really matters to him and what he wants out of life.According to Erikson,what stage of psychosocial development is Farley most likely in?

Accepted Answer

Farley is reflecting on his own identity and values, which is characteristic of the identity versus role confusion stage of psychosocial development according to Erikson. During this stage, individuals grapple with questions about who they are and what they want out of life.

Question 17

Whitney is struggling to figure out who she is,and is asking herself those tough questions about what is important to her and what she wants to do with her life.According to Erik Erikson,what stage of psychosocial development is Whitney in?

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development is identity versus role confusion, which typically occurs during adolescence. This stage involves exploring and developing a sense of self and identity, including figuring out personal values, beliefs, and goals. Whitney's struggle to figure out who she is and what she wants to do with her life fits with this stage.

Question 18

How did Gilligan re-interpret Kohlberg's findings on moral development?

Accepted Answer

Gilligan critiqued Kohlberg's model of moral development for being male-biased and argued that it did not adequately represent the moral reasoning of women. She suggested that males and females might use different frameworks for moral decision-making but are equally sophisticated in their moral reasoning.

Question 19

According to Erikson,the difference in psychosocial development between early adults and middle adults is that early adults are focused on ___ and middle adults are focused on ___.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the primary challenge for early adults is to form intimate relationships and establish a sense of identity, while the primary challenge for middle adults is to contribute to the next generation through parenting, mentoring, or other forms of generativity. Therefore, choice D - early adults are focused on love relationships and middle adults are focused on contributing to the next generation - is the best choice.

Question 20

Jacob is 55.He has taken early retirement and now just sits around the house watching TV.Which of Erikson's stages is Jacob experiencing?

Accepted Answer

Jacob is experiencing generativity vs. self-absorption. This stage occurs during middle adulthood when individuals seek to contribute to the next generation through work, family, or community involvement. However, if they fail to do so, they may become self-absorbed and stagnate. Jacob's lack of involvement in any productive activity indicates a self-absorbed state.

Quiz 4: Human Development