Question 1

Camille is in the middle of a dream where she is being chased by a dog.Although she initially feels frightened,she then realizes she is dreaming,turns around,and firmly tells the dog to go home.What term best describes Camille's dream?
A) nightmare
B) night terror
C) focal dream
D) lucid dream

Accepted Answer

The answer of Camille is in the middle of a...

Question 2

Robbie abuses cocaine.After 7 days of abstinence,he dreams that he buys cocaine only to find that it isn't real.Research shows that "using" dreams are associated with a decreased probability of relapse (Hajek & Belcher,1991).This result supports the idea that dreams reflect an attempt to work out current concerns - that is,it supports the ___ theory of dreaming.
A) information-processing
B) activation-synthesis
C) object relations
D) Freudian

Accepted Answer

The information-processing theory of dreaming suggests that dreams are a way for the brain to process and organize current concerns and experiences. The fact that Robbie's dream reflects his current concern about relapse supports this theory. The activation-synthesis theory, on the other hand, suggests that dreams are random neural firings that the brain tries to make sense of, and the object relations theory and Freudian theory focus more on unconscious desires and conflicts.

Question 3

Each day,babies spend about ___ hours in REM sleep.Adults spend around ___ hours in REM sleep each day.
A) 8; 4
B) 8; 2
C) 4; 4
D) 4; 2

Accepted Answer

Babies spend about 8 hours in REM sleep each day, while adults typically spend around 2 hours in REM sleep.

Question 4

Many famous discoveries,such as insulin,are reported to be based in part on dreams.This provides support for which theory of dreams?
A) information-processing
B) activation-synthesis
C) Freudian
D) wish-fulfillment

Accepted Answer

The information-processing theory suggests that dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories, which can include problem-solving and creative thinking, potentially leading to discoveries or insights during sleep.

Question 5

Mable is dreaming that a vampire is chasing her through a thick forest filled with twisted roots and spikey vines.She feels afraid,and realizing that this is only a dream,she invents a trap door under one of the roots and climbs through it.On the other side,she makes it be candy land.What kind of dream did Mable have?
A) nightmare
B) night terror
C) latent dream
D) lucid dream

Accepted Answer

Mable had a lucid dream because she was aware that she was dreaming and was able to manipulate and control certain aspects of it, such as inventing a trap door and changing the setting to a candy land.

Question 6

According to Hobson and McCarley's ___ theory,dreams begin in random neural activity.
A) information-processing
B) psychoanalytic
C) object relations
D) activation-synthesis

Accepted Answer

Hobson and McCarley's theory of dreaming is the activation-synthesis theory. This theory suggests that dreams are created by random activity in the brainstem and that the brain then attempts to make sense of this activity by synthesizing it into a narrative.

Question 7

Nadia dreamed that she was repeatedly putting coins in a vending machine without getting any product.When she relays the dream to her roommate Hilde,Hilde tells her she must be feeling frustrated about something in her life and the vending machine represents whatever is frustrating her.Nadia,however,replies that she believes it is simply random neural activity in her brain.Based on this,Nadia supports the ___ theory while Hilde supports the ___ theory of dreaming.
A) information-processing; activation-synthesis
B) activation-synthesis; information-processing
C) activation-synthesis; Freudian
D) Freudian; activation-synthesis

Accepted Answer

Nadia supports the activation-synthesis theory, which suggests dreams are the result of random neural activity. Hilde supports the Freudian theory, which interprets dreams as expressions of unconscious desires or frustrations.

Question 8

In what way are the information-processing theory of dreams and the activation-synthesis model of dreams similar?
A) They both assume that dreaming evolved in most species as an adaptation for problem solving.
B) They both assume that dreaming is the brain's way of organizing some form of input.
C) They both assume that dreaming is the brain's way of eliminating waste and restoring resources.
D) They both assume that dreaming is the brain's way of staying active during a long night of inactivity.

Accepted Answer

Both the information-processing theory and activation-synthesis model suggest that dreaming is a result of the brain trying to make sense of various forms of input. The information-processing theory posits that dreams are a way for the brain to process and organize information accumulated during the waking hours, whereas the activation-synthesis model suggests that dreams are a result of random neural activity that the brain tries to make sense of by creating dream imagery.

Question 9

Which piece of evidence below is correctly tagged with its relevance to the consolidation theory of the function of REM sleep?
A) People who learn a task right before bed perform poorly the next day if REM sleep is interrupted - discredits consolidation theory.
B) People with lesions to the pons have little trouble with learning and memory - discredits consolidation theory.
C) Animals given antidepressants show few learning and memory deficits - supports consolidation theory.
D) Animals given antidepressants show few learning and memory deficits - irrelevant to consolidation theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which piece of evidence below is correctly...

Question 10

Assuming you disagree with the consolidation theory,which of the following would you predict to perform better on a new task they learned the night before?
A) Jin-Yong, who was awakened in the middle of a dream
B) Manual, who has suffered damage to the pons area of the brain
C) Joelle, who is taking an antidepressant
D) There will be no difference in performance between these people.

Accepted Answer

If you disagree with the consolidation theory, you would predict that sleep and related factors do not significantly impact the retention or performance of a new task learned the night before, so there would be no difference in performance between these individuals.

Question 11

Assuming you agree with the consolidation theory,which of the following would you predict to perform better on a new task they learned the night before?
A) Kyoko, who was awakened in the middle of a dream
B) Heng, who was awakened from a deep sleep
C) Josephine, who has suffered damage to the pons area of the brain
D) There will be no difference in performance between these people.

Accepted Answer

According to the consolidation theory, sleep is necessary for the consolidation of newly learned memories, so Heng, who was awakened from a deep sleep, would be predicted to perform better on a new task learned the night before. Kyoko, who was awakened in the middle of a dream, would have had her sleep interrupted and may have experienced interference with memory consolidation. Josephine, who has suffered damage to the pons area of the brain, may have difficulty consolidating memories regardless of sleep. Therefore, B is the best choice.

Question 12

Gloria is dreaming that a zombie is chasing her through a deserted city filled with broken glass and piles of rubble.She feels terrified and realizes that she is alone,when suddenly more zombies come out from some buildings.She screams in fear,unable to move,and finds herself in her bed panting and sweating.What kind of dream did Gloria have?
A) nightmare
B) night terror
C) latent dream
D) lucid dream

Accepted Answer

Gloria had a nightmare, which is a disturbing dream that can cause negative emotions like fear, anxiety, and sadness. The dream involved a threat (the zombie chasing her) and made her feel terrified, which is typical of a nightmare.

Question 13

Esther dreams that she is flying.Esther's psychoanalyst suggests that such a dream represents a hidden desire for sexual intercourse.Each of the following statements is true,except
A) flying is a symbol.
B) flying is the latent content of Esther's dream.
C) flying is the manifest content of Esther's dream.
D) sexual intercourse is the latent content of Esther's dream.

Accepted Answer

In psychoanalytic theory, the manifest content of a dream is the literal storyline or images in the dream (in this case, flying), while the latent content is the underlying, symbolic meaning or unconscious desire that the dream represents (in this case, sexual intercourse). Therefore, flying is the manifest content, not the latent content, of Esther's dream.

Question 14

To which neural development process does REM sleep contribute in infancy?
A) synaptic pruning
B) synaptogenesis
C) programmed cell death
D) neurogenesis

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is believed to contribute to synaptic pruning, a process where extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions.

Question 15

Proponents of which dream theory are least likely to view lucid dreaming an as especially important phenomenon?
A) information-processing theory
B) object relations theory
C) Freudian dream theory
D) activation-synthesis theory

Accepted Answer

The activation-synthesis theory views dreams as a result of random neural activity in the brain during sleep, rather than being driven by any significant psychological meaning or purpose. Therefore, proponents of this theory would be least likely to view lucid dreaming as an especially important phenomenon.

Question 16

For the last three weeks,Jared has regularly dreamed that his wife is killed in an accident.He wakes up extremely upset,and has become so anxious he does not want her to leave the house.Jared is suffering from ___.
A) night terrors
B) nightmare disorder
C) insomnia
D) sleep-stress disorder

Accepted Answer

Jared is experiencing a recurring dream that is causing him extreme distress and anxiety, which is characteristic of nightmare disorder. This is different from night terrors, which are typically characterized by sudden and intense bouts of fear or terror during sleep, and sleep-stress disorder, which is not a recognized sleep disorder. Insomnia also does not fit in this scenario as Jared does not appear to have difficulty falling or staying asleep.

Question 17

Dreams in which one recognizes in the dream that one is dreaming are called ___.
A) myoclonic dreams
B) lucid dreams
C) daydreams
D) hypnagogic

Accepted Answer

The description given fits the definition of lucid dreams, which are dreams in which the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming. Myoclonic dreams are a type of sleep disorder characterized by sudden muscle movements during sleep. Daydreams occur during waking hours and are not necessarily a type of sleep-related dream. Hypnagogic experiences occur during the transition between wakefulness and sleep and can involve hallucinations or other sensory experiences.

Question 18

REM sleep is sometimes called 'active sleep' for all the following reasons except
A) heartbeat is fast and irregular during REM sleep.
B) brain activity is intense during REM sleep.
C) vivid dreams occur during REM sleep.
D) the activity of skeletal muscles increases during REM sleep.

Accepted Answer

The activity of skeletal muscles is actually suppressed during REM sleep, which is why it is sometimes called paradoxical sleep.

Question 19

Anastasia woke up and could remember that she was running from something in a dream.According to Freudian theory,what type of content constitutes the dream image she can recall?
A) retrograde
B) biological
C) manifest
D) latent

Accepted Answer

The manifest content refers to the actual images and events experienced in the dream, which is the type of content Anastasia can recall.

Answer: D
 The latent content refers to the hidden or symbolic meaning behind the dream, which requires interpretation and uncovering by the individual. The fact that Anastasia can only recall a vague image of running suggests that there may be deeper meanings or emotions behind the dream that she may not be aware of.

Question 20

Jude is 7 years old.Jeremiah is 21 years old.Which of the following most accurately describes their sleep patterns?
A) Jude spends more time in REM sleep than Jeremiah.
B) Jeremiah spends more time in REM sleep than Jude.
C) Jude sleeps for a longer time and spends more time in REM than Jeremiah.
D) Jude and Jeremiah would spend the same amount of time in REM.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jude is 7 years old.Jeremiah is 21...

Quiz 6: Consciousness

Camille is in the middle of a dream where she is being chased by a dog.Although she initially feels frightened,she then realizes she is dreaming,turns around,and firmly tells the dog to go home.What term best describes Camille's dream?

Each day,babies spend about _ hours in REM sleep.Adults spend around _ hours in REM sleep each day.

Many famous discoveries,such as insulin,are reported to be based in part on dreams.This provides support for which theory of dreams?

According to Hobson and McCarley's ___ theory,dreams begin in random neural activity.

In what way are the information-processing theory of dreams and the activation-synthesis model of dreams similar?

Which piece of evidence below is correctly tagged with its relevance to the consolidation theory of the function of REM sleep?

Assuming you disagree with the consolidation theory,which of the following would you predict to perform better on a new task they learned the night before?

Assuming you agree with the consolidation theory,which of the following would you predict to perform better on a new task they learned the night before?

Esther dreams that she is flying.Esther's psychoanalyst suggests that such a dream represents a hidden desire for sexual intercourse.Each of the following statements is true,except

To which neural development process does REM sleep contribute in infancy?

Proponents of which dream theory are least likely to view lucid dreaming an as especially important phenomenon?

For the last three weeks,Jared has regularly dreamed that his wife is killed in an accident.He wakes up extremely upset,and has become so anxious he does not want her to leave the house.Jared is suffering from ___.

Dreams in which one recognizes in the dream that one is dreaming are called ___.

REM sleep is sometimes called 'active sleep' for all the following reasons except

Anastasia woke up and could remember that she was running from something in a dream.According to Freudian theory,what type of content constitutes the dream image she can recall?

Jude is 7 years old.Jeremiah is 21 years old.Which of the following most accurately describes their sleep patterns?