Question 1

Floriano is walking back to his apartment late at night alone after going to watch three horror movies.When an alley cat knocks over some trashcans,he shouts aloud in fear and begins to run.Floriano's reaction to the cat is likely the result of

Accepted Answer

Floriano's heightened response to the cat is due to sensitization, where repeated exposure to intense stimuli (the horror movies) has increased his reactivity to a related but less intense stimulus (the noise from the trashcans).

Question 2

"BANG!" "What was that?" Danielle asks in a breathless panic."That? It was just a falling pecan hitting the carport's tin roof," Matthew explains.A scant minute later,the doorbell rings.Danielle turns abruptly,still startled.Danielle's behaviours reflect ___.

Accepted Answer

Danielle's reaction of being breathless and panicked after hearing the loud noise and then turning abruptly, still startled when the doorbell rings reflects sensitization. Sensitization is a type of learning in which an organism's response to a stimulus increases after experiencing an aversive or intense stimulus. In this case, the loud noise sensitized Danielle and made her more responsive to subsequent stimuli like the doorbell.

Question 3

Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship among the terms associative learning,non-associative learning,habituation,and sensitization?

Accepted Answer

Habituation and sensitization are both considered types of non-associative learning because they involve changes in the strength of responses to a single stimulus, rather than the formation of associations between stimuli.

Question 4

Habituation and sensitization both refer to a change in response because of learning.Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between the types of changes in response denoted by the two terms?

Accepted Answer

Habituation refers to a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus over time, while sensitization refers to an increase in response to a stimulus after exposure to a strong or noxious stimulus. These are opposite changes in response.

Question 5

Habituation is to ___ learning as sensitization is to ___ learning.

Accepted Answer

Habituation and sensitization are both forms of non-associative learning. Habituation is the process of becoming less responsive to a repeated stimulus, while sensitization is the process of becoming more responsive to a stimulus.

Question 6

Kendra is wearing a new sweater.When she first puts it on she is very aware of how soft the wool feels against her skin.A short time later,however,she doesn't even notice the feel of the sweater.This is an example of ___.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of habituation, which refers to a decrease in responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure to it. In this case, Kendra has become accustomed to the feel of the sweater and no longer notices it as much.

Question 7

Tia has bought a new toy for her baby daughter.After playing with the toy for a while,her baby no longer seems interested and becomes restless.Tia then gives her daughter another toy and she is happy again.The baby's response to the presentation of the second toy demonstrates ___.

Accepted Answer

The baby's response to the second toy after losing interest in the first is an example of dishabituation, which occurs when a new stimulus is presented and it elicits a renewed response. Habituation refers to a decrease in response to a repeated stimuli over time, which is what happened when the baby lost interest in the first toy. Sensitization refers to an increase in response to a repeated stimulus over time, and desensitization refers to a decrease in response to a stimulus due to repeated exposure. Neither of these concepts are applicable in this scenario.

Question 8

Callen has been feeding a stray dog for the past two weeks.When he first started,the dog was very frightened of him and would only eat once Callen was out of sight.Now,the dog will eat even though Callen is only a couple of metres away.This is an example of ___.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of habituation because the dog has become accustomed to Callen's presence and no longer reacts with fear or avoidance.

Question 9

How does associative learning differ from non-associative learning?

Accepted Answer

Associative learning is based on connecting two or more stimuli, while non-associative learning is not based on such connections. It is not accurate to say that one is studied experimentally and the other is studied using non-experimental methods, or that one applies to humans and the other applies to other animals, or that one involves memory and the other does not.

Question 10

Dr.O'Leary is testing whether a baby can detect the difference between a 680 nm light (dark orange)and a 650 nm light (yellow-orange).First,he presents the 680 nm light repeatedly for 5 seconds each time,until the baby stops looking at the light.Then,he changes the light to 650 nm and watches for the baby's response.What is this procedure called?

Accepted Answer

The procedure described is called dishabituation. Dishabituation is a technique used to test the ability of an organism to detect a change in a stimulus. This involves initially presenting a stimulus repeatedly until the organism habituates (i.e., stops responding) and then presenting a novel or different stimulus to see if the organism detects the change and responds again. In this case, the 680 nm light is presented repeatedly until the baby stops looking at it, and then the 650 nm light is presented to test whether the baby detects the difference and responds again.

Question 11

Which of the following would result in an increase in response over time?

Accepted Answer

Sensitization is the process of an organism becoming more responsive to a stimulus over time. This is in contrast to habituation, which is a decrease in responsiveness over time. Sensory adaptation and fatigue are also decreases in responsiveness over time.

Question 12

Madeline was so excited to spend the first night in her new apartment,until the train roared by every 2 hours all night long.The previous tenant had lived there for over 30 years,and Madeline wonders how they managed.Do you have any ideas?

Accepted Answer

Habituation is the process by which an organism becomes less responsive to a repeated stimulus over time. The previous tenant may have habituated to the sound of the train passing by every 2 hours, and thus, it no longer bothered them.

Question 13

What are two types of associative learning?

Accepted Answer

Classical and operant conditioning are two types of associative learning. Classical conditioning is learning by association where a stimulus produces a response, while operant conditioning is learning by consequences where behavior is strengthened or weakened based on its consequences. Option B, habituation and sensitization, are also types of learning but are not considered as associative learning. Option C, modelling and cognitive learning, are types of learning but not associative learning. Option D, observational learning and systematic desensitization, are examples of specific techniques used within different types of learning.

Question 14

The first time Nayab purchased a coffee from the local coffee shop,she noticed the warning,"Caution! Beverage is hot!" Now,after three years of regularly stopping by that coffee shop for coffee,she no longer notices the warning message.What has occurred?

Accepted Answer

Nayab has habituated to the warning message, meaning she no longer responds to it as she once did. Habituation is a decrease in response to a repeated, non-threatening stimulus.

Question 15

Norma is sleeping and is suddenly woken up by a sound.Then she hears it again,sort of like a scratching sound coming from the kitchen.She begins to feel very afraid as she imagines what the sound could be,and she slowly gets out of her bed to get her phone.As soon as her feet touch the carpet,her cat rubs up against her leg.Norma screams in fear and nearly jumps out of her skin.Norma's reaction to the cat is likely the result of

Accepted Answer

Norma's reaction is a result of sensitization, which is an increased reaction to a stimulus after exposure to a provocative or frightening event. In this case, the scratching sound heightened her fear, making her more reactive to a sudden, unexpected touch.

Question 16

Does habituation differ from adaptation? If so,how?

Accepted Answer

Habituation and adaptation are different processes. Habituation is a form of learning where an organism decreases or ceases its responses to a stimulus after repeated presentations. This process involves changes in the central nervous system. On the other hand, sensory adaptation refers to a reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure, involving changes primarily in the sensory neurons and receptors of the peripheral nervous system, not the central nervous system.

Question 17

Psychologists use the term ___ to refer to a lasting change in behaviours resulting from experience.

Accepted Answer

The term psychologists specifically use for a lasting change in behavior resulting from experience is learning. Development refers to the overall growth and changes that occur throughout an individual's lifespan. Maturation refers to the biological processes that lead to physical and/or behavioral changes, regardless of experience. Cognition refers to mental processes related to knowledge and understanding.

Question 18

You toss a newly-purchased felt mouse across the floor.Your cat chases it excitedly,clutches it in her paws and rolls around with it.Several tosses later,your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap.The change in your cat's behaviours illustrates ___.

Accepted Answer

The change in the cat's behavior from being excited and playful to yawning and settling down for a nap suggests habituation. Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to it.

Question 19

What are two types of non-associative learning?

Accepted Answer

Habituation and sensitization are two types of non-associative learning. Habituation is a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus whereas sensitization is an increase in response to a repeated or novel stimulus. Classical and operant conditioning are types of associative learning, modeling and cognitive learning are types of observational learning, and systematic desensitization is a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Question 20

Which of the following would result in a decrease in response over time?

Accepted Answer

Habituation is the process by which an organism becomes less responsive to a repeated stimulus over time, resulting in a decrease in response. Sensitization, associative learning, and classical conditioning do not necessarily result in a decrease in response over time.

Quiz 7: Learning