Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an example of cognitive control?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive control refers to the ability to regulate automatic or habitual responses in order to achieve a goal. Saying "no" to a donut, learning how to make pottery, and engaging in a strategic game of chess all require cognitive control. However, jumping in fright is an automatic response and does not involve cognitive control.

Question 2

The difference between an ill-defined problem and a well-defined problem is that a well-defined problem ___,whereas an ill-defined problem ___.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The difference between an ill-defined problem and...

Question 3

Which of the following most likely makes use of heuristics?

Accepted Answer

Heuristics are strategies or approaches that simplify decision making. An article titled "How to Succeed in Science" by a Nobel Prize winner is likely to offer generalized advice or rules of thumb for success, which aligns with the concept of heuristics. The other options involve specific instructions or algorithms, which are not based on heuristics.

Question 4

As a beginning driver,Wafaa had to think consciously about the process as she negotiated traffic; now,however,driving has become second nature for her.Whereas driving initially demanded ___ processing,it now reflects ___ processing.

Accepted Answer

The sentence suggests that at first, Wafaa had to consciously process information while driving, but now it has become second nature, which indicates that it is now an automatic process. Therefore, the answer is controlled processing shifting to automatic processing, which is represented by choice C.

Question 5

Dr.Ireland's class is attempting to find derivatives; Dr.Ryang's class is developing campaign strategies for a local politician.Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Ireland's class is working on finding derivatives, which is a mathematical process with clear rules and a definitive solution, making it a well-defined problem. In contrast, developing campaign strategies involves many variables and subjective decisions, making it an ill-defined problem.

Question 6

After Phineas Gage was injured in an accident,what type of disorder did he display?

Accepted Answer

Phineas Gage displayed dysexecutive syndrome after his accident. This refers to a collection of symptoms related to difficulties with executive functions such as decision making, planning, and ability to inhibit inappropriate behavior.

Question 7

Calida has been having difficulty with a co-worker and is trying to decide how to resolve the conflict.She is thinking about what she will do while she is trying to balance her chequebook.In this example,Calida's difficulty with her co-worker is a/an ___,and balancing her chequebook is a/an ___.

Accepted Answer

Calida's difficulty with her co-worker is an ill-defined problem because it is not clear what the root cause of the conflict is or how to resolve it. Balancing her chequebook is a well-defined problem because there is a clear process to follow to ensure that the numbers add up correctly.

Question 8

A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is termed a(n)___.

Accepted Answer

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem that guarantees a correct solution if it is applied correctly. Heuristics are general problem-solving strategies that may lead to a solution but do not guarantee one. Mental sets are habitual ways of approaching problems that may or may not be effective. Schemas are cognitive frameworks for organizing and interpreting information but do not relate to problem-solving in this context.

Question 9

"When you have trouble understanding the content in a class,try outlining the information in the textbook in your own words." What is this general "rule of thumb" for solving a common academic problem called?

Accepted Answer

The general "rule of thumb" described in the question is a common example of a heuristic, which is a mental shortcut or strategy used to solve problems or make decisions.

Question 10

Which of the following individuals is engaged in problem solving,as your text defines the term?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following individuals is engaged...

Question 11

Ashanti is 4; Brian is 7; Cleo is 11.Which of these children can modulate his or her impulses for the good of peers? Which of these children can regulate his or her impulses for long-term future benefits?

Accepted Answer

Cleo, being 11, is more likely to have developed the ability to regulate impulses for long-term benefits, while both Brian and Cleo can modulate impulses for peer interactions.

Question 12

Impairments in controlled processing are characteristic of ___ syndrome,reflecting damage to the ___ cortex.

Accepted Answer

The term "dysexecutive" refers to deficits in executive functioning, which includes controlled processing. The prefrontal cortex is known to play a major role in executive functions, such as planning, decision-making, and working memory. Therefore, option C, dysexecutive syndrome reflecting damage to the prefrontal cortex, is the best choice. Option A is incorrect because it confuses the term "control deficit" with "executive deficit." Option B and D are incorrect because although parietal cortex is involved in some aspects of controlled processing, it is not the primary region responsible for executive functioning.

Question 13

"Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states one problem in a fifth-grader's arithmetic text.This is a(n)___ problem.The ___ state is 3 3/5.

Accepted Answer

This is a well-defined problem because it has a clear question and a specific method for solving it. The goal is to convert 18/5 to a mixed numeral, and the terminal state is 3 3/5. Therefore, the correct answer is B, well-defined with a goal.

Question 14

Which of the following is an advantage of controlled processing?

Accepted Answer

Controlled processing allows us to consciously and intentionally adjust our responses to fit the demands of new or challenging situations, which can facilitate flexible and creative problem-solving.

Question 15

The difference between an algorithm and a heuristic is that an algorithm is ___,whereas a heuristic is ___.

Accepted Answer

An algorithm is a step-by-step method that is always correct but can be slow, while a heuristic is a shortcut that can be faster but may lead to an incorrect solution. Therefore, option C accurately describes the difference between the two.

Question 16

Which of the following is an ill-defined problem?

Accepted Answer

Composing a good concerto is an ill-defined problem as there are no clear criteria for what makes a concerto "good." It is subjective and open to interpretation. The other options have clear goals and criteria for success (reaching the museum, discovering birthplaces of authors, earning points in Scrabble).

Question 17

Frank lost a contact lens in the kitchen; he is searching for it by examining each linoleum tile in turn to see if the lens is contained within the square.Gemma similarly lost a lens in the kitchen; she is looking for it near the base of the fridge and around the stove,the two appliances she remembers using when she was last in the kitchen.Which statement best describes the problem-solving strategies of these two individuals?

Accepted Answer

Frank's methodical examination of each tile represents an algorithm, a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution. Gemma's strategy of searching specific areas based on her last activities is a heuristic, a shortcut strategy that simplifies decision making but doesn't guarantee a solution.

Question 18

Which type of problem may be solved successfully by the application of an algorithm?

Accepted Answer

Algorithms are step-by-step procedures or instructions that are applied to solve a specific problem. Well-defined problems have clear and unambiguous specifications, which makes them suitable for algorithmic solutions. Ill-defined problems, on the other hand, have unclear specifications and may require creative and flexible solutions that algorithms may not be able to provide.

Question 19

The ability to direct one's thoughts according to one's intentions is called

Accepted Answer

Cognitive control refers to the ability to regulate and direct one's cognitive processes in order to achieve specific goals or tasks. This includes controlling attention, inhibiting impulsive responses, and switching between different tasks or goals. Executive function, problem solving, and decision making are all related cognitive processes, but specifically refer to different aspects of cognitive control.

Question 20

In ___ problems,the nature of the problem and the information needed to solve it are clear; in ___ problems,either or both the nature of the problem and the information required to solve it are unclear.

Accepted Answer

Well-defined problems have clearly stated goals and known methods for reaching those goals, while ill-defined problems are characterized by ambiguity and uncertainty in both goals and methods. The other choices are not accurate descriptions of these types of problems. Heuristic and algorithmic problems refer more to problem-solving strategies, while automatic and controlled processing refer to different types of cognitive processing.

Quiz 9: Language and Thought

Which of the following is NOT an example of cognitive control?

The difference between an ill-defined problem and a well-defined problem is that a well-defined problem _,whereas an ill-defined problem _.

Which of the following most likely makes use of heuristics?

As a beginning driver,Wafaa had to think consciously about the process as she negotiated traffic; now,however,driving has become second nature for her.Whereas driving initially demanded _ processing,it now reflects _ processing.

Dr.Ireland's class is attempting to find derivatives; Dr.Ryang's class is developing campaign strategies for a local politician.Which of the following statements is true?

After Phineas Gage was injured in an accident,what type of disorder did he display?

Calida has been having difficulty with a co-worker and is trying to decide how to resolve the conflict.She is thinking about what she will do while she is trying to balance her chequebook.In this example,Calida's difficulty with her co-worker is a/an _,and balancing her chequebook is a/an _.

A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is termed a(n) ___.

"When you have trouble understanding the content in a class,try outlining the information in the textbook in your own words." What is this general "rule of thumb" for solving a common academic problem called?

Which of the following individuals is engaged in problem solving,as your text defines the term?

Ashanti is 4; Brian is 7; Cleo is 11.Which of these children can modulate his or her impulses for the good of peers? Which of these children can regulate his or her impulses for long-term future benefits?

Impairments in controlled processing are characteristic of _ syndrome,reflecting damage to the _ cortex.

"Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states one problem in a fifth-grader's arithmetic text.This is a(n) _ problem.The _ state is 3 3/5.

Which of the following is an advantage of controlled processing?

The difference between an algorithm and a heuristic is that an algorithm is _,whereas a heuristic is _.

Which of the following is an ill-defined problem?

Which type of problem may be solved successfully by the application of an algorithm?

The ability to direct one's thoughts according to one's intentions is called

In _ problems,the nature of the problem and the information needed to solve it are clear; in _ problems,either or both the nature of the problem and the information required to solve it are unclear.

Quiz 9: Language and Thought

Which of the following is NOT an example of cognitive control?

The difference between an ill-defined problem and a well-defined problem is that a well-defined problem ___,whereas an ill-defined problem ___.

Which of the following most likely makes use of heuristics?

As a beginning driver,Wafaa had to think consciously about the process as she negotiated traffic; now,however,driving has become second nature for her.Whereas driving initially demanded ___ processing,it now reflects ___ processing.

Dr.Ireland's class is attempting to find derivatives; Dr.Ryang's class is developing campaign strategies for a local politician.Which of the following statements is true?

After Phineas Gage was injured in an accident,what type of disorder did he display?

Calida has been having difficulty with a co-worker and is trying to decide how to resolve the conflict.She is thinking about what she will do while she is trying to balance her chequebook.In this example,Calida's difficulty with her co-worker is a/an ___,and balancing her chequebook is a/an ___.

A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is termed a(n) ___.

"When you have trouble understanding the content in a class,try outlining the information in the textbook in your own words." What is this general "rule of thumb" for solving a common academic problem called?

Which of the following individuals is engaged in problem solving,as your text defines the term?

Ashanti is 4; Brian is 7; Cleo is 11.Which of these children can modulate his or her impulses for the good of peers? Which of these children can regulate his or her impulses for long-term future benefits?

Impairments in controlled processing are characteristic of ___ syndrome,reflecting damage to the ___ cortex.

"Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states one problem in a fifth-grader's arithmetic text.This is a(n) ___ problem.The ___ state is 3 3/5.

Which of the following is an advantage of controlled processing?

The difference between an algorithm and a heuristic is that an algorithm is ___,whereas a heuristic is ___.

Which of the following is an ill-defined problem?

Which type of problem may be solved successfully by the application of an algorithm?

The ability to direct one's thoughts according to one's intentions is called

In ___ problems,the nature of the problem and the information needed to solve it are clear; in ___ problems,either or both the nature of the problem and the information required to solve it are unclear.

The difference between an ill-defined problem and a well-defined problem is that a well-defined problem _,whereas an ill-defined problem _.

As a beginning driver,Wafaa had to think consciously about the process as she negotiated traffic; now,however,driving has become second nature for her.Whereas driving initially demanded _ processing,it now reflects _ processing.

Calida has been having difficulty with a co-worker and is trying to decide how to resolve the conflict.She is thinking about what she will do while she is trying to balance her chequebook.In this example,Calida's difficulty with her co-worker is a/an _,and balancing her chequebook is a/an _.

Impairments in controlled processing are characteristic of _ syndrome,reflecting damage to the _ cortex.

"Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states one problem in a fifth-grader's arithmetic text.This is a(n) _ problem.The _ state is 3 3/5.

The difference between an algorithm and a heuristic is that an algorithm is _,whereas a heuristic is _.

In _ problems,the nature of the problem and the information needed to solve it are clear; in _ problems,either or both the nature of the problem and the information required to solve it are unclear.